Scribd
Upload
30 views

Institute of Space Technology

The document discusses various models for wireless signal propagation and path loss. It describes simplified path loss models that are useful for high-level analysis and involve parameters like path loss exponent that are determined empirically. It also covers more complex models like ray tracing that involve site-specific information and multipath components. Statistical models incorporating log-normal shadowing are commonly used to model random propagation environments.

Uploaded by

Ahsan Rafiq
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
30 views

Institute of Space Technology

The document discusses various models for wireless signal propagation and path loss. It describes simplified path loss models that are useful for high-level analysis and involve parameters like path loss exponent that are determined empirically. It also covers more complex models like ray tracing that involve site-specific information and multipath components. Statistical models incorporating log-normal shadowing are commonly used to model random propagation environments.

Uploaded by

Ahsan Rafiq
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 17

Institute of Space Technology

 Path Loss (includes average shadowing)


 Shadowing (due to obstructions)
 Multipath Fading

Slow
Pr/Pt Fast
Pt
Pr Very slow
v

d=vt
d=vt
 Maxwell’s equations
◦ Complex and impractical
 Free space path loss model
◦ Too simple
 Ray tracing models
◦ Requires site-specific information
 Empirical Models
◦ Don’t always generalize to other environments
 Simplified power falloff models
◦ Main characteristics: good for high-level analysis
d=vt

 Path loss for unobstructed LOS path


 Power falls off :
◦ Proportional to 1/d2
◦ Proportional to l2 (inversely proportional to f2)
 Represent wavefronts as simple particles
 Geometry determines received signal from
each signal component
 Typically includes reflected rays, can also
include scattered and defracted rays.
 Requires site parameters
◦ Geometry
◦ Dielectric properties
 Path loss for one LOS path and 1 ground
(or reflected) bounce
 Ground bounce approximately cancels
LOS path above critical distance
 Power falls off
◦ Proportional to d2 (small d)
◦ Proportional to d4 (d>dc)
◦ Independent of l (f)
 Models all signal components
◦ Reflections
◦ Scattering
◦ Diffraction

 Requires detailed geometry and dielectric


properties of site
◦ Similar to Maxwell, but easier math.
 Computer packages often used
 Random # of multipath components, each with
◦ Random amplitude
◦ Random phase
◦ Random Doppler shift
◦ Random delay
 Random components change with time
 Leads to time-varying channel impulse response
 Used when path loss dominated by
reflections.
 Most important parameter is the path loss
exponent , determined empirically.


 d0 
Pr  Pt K   , 2 8
d 
K (dB)
sy2
 Fit model to data Pr(dB)
10
 Path loss (K,), d0 known: log(d0)
log(d)
◦ “Best fit” line through dB data
◦ K obtained from measurements at d0.
◦ Exponent is MMSE estimate based on data
◦ Captures mean due to shadowing
 Shadowing variance
◦ Variance of data relative to path loss model
(straight line) with MMSE estimate for 
 Shadowing
◦ Log-normal random variable based on LLN applied
to many attenuating objects
 Combined Path Loss and Shadowing
Pr d 
(dB)  10 log 10 K  10 log 10   y dB , y dB ~ N (0, sy2 )
Pt  d0 

 Model parameters from measurements


◦ MMSE line fit to get path loss exponent  and
intercept K
◦ Variance about line is shadowing variance
 Random attenuation due to shadowing
modeled as log-normal (empirical
parameters)
 Shadowing decorrelates over decorrelation
distance
 Path loss and shadowing parameters are
obtained from empirical measurements
 Statistical models used for random
environments
 Individual multipath components resolvable
 True when time difference between
components exceeds signal bandwidth

  1 / Bu   1 / Bu

 1  2
 
Narrowband Wideband
 Traditional Q function representation
 1  x2 / 2
Q ( z )  p( x  z )   e dx, x ~ N (0,1)
◦ Infinite integrand z 2
◦ Argument in integral limits
 New representation (Craig’93)
1  /2


 z 2 /(sin2  )
Q( z)  e d
0

◦ Leads to closed form solution for Ps in PSK


◦ Very useful in fading and diversity analysis
 Basic Idea
◦ Send same bits over independent fading paths
 Independent fading paths obtained by time, space,
frequency, or polarization diversity
◦ Combine paths to mitigate fading effects

Tb

t
Multiple paths unlikely to fade simultaneously
 Selection Combining
◦ Fading path with highest gain used
 Maximal Ratio Combining
◦ All paths cophased and summed with optimal
weighting to maximize combiner output SNR
 Equal Gain Combining
◦ All paths cophased and summed with equal
weighting
 Array/Diversity gain
◦ Array gain is from noise averaging (AWGN and
fading)
◦ Diversity gain is change in BER slope (fading)
 Selection Combining (SC)
◦ Combiner SNR is the maximum of the branch
SNRs.
◦ CDF easy to obtain, pdf found by differentiating.
◦ Diminishing returns with number of antennas.
◦ Can get up to about 20 dB of gain.
Outage
Probability

You might also like