Linear Control Systems (EE-333)

Dr. Imtiaz Hussain

Associate Professor (Control Systems),
Department of Electrical Engineering
DHA Suffa University, Karachi, Pakistan
email: [email protected]

6th Semester (BE-EE-6C)

Spring 2019

Note: I do not claim any originality in these lectures. The contents of this presentation are
mostly taken from the book of Ogata, Norman S Nise and various other internet sources. 1
 Transfer Function
• Transfer Function is the ratio of Laplace transform of the
output to the Laplace transform of the input.
Considering all initial conditions to zero.

• u is the input voltage applied at t=0

• y is the capacitor voltage

• If the capacitor is not already charged then y(0)=0.

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 Transfer Function
• Transfer Function of given Plant can be calculated as
u(t) y(t)
Plant

If u ( t )  U ( S ) and
y(t )  Y ( S )
• Where  is the Laplace operator.
• Then the transfer function G(S) of the plant is given as

Y (S )
G( S )  U(S) G(S) Y(S)
U (S )
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 Why Laplace Transform?
• By use of Laplace transform we can convert many
common functions into algebraic function of complex
variable s.
• For example

 sin t  2
Or
s  2

 at 1
e 
sa
• Where s is a complex variable (complex frequency) and
is given as
s    j 4
 Laplace Transform of Derivatives
• Not only common function can be converted into
simple algebraic expressions but calculus operations
can also be converted into algebraic expressions.
• For example
dx(t )
  sX ( S )  x( 0)
dt

2
d x(t ) 2 dx( 0 )
 2
 s X ( S )  x( 0) 
dt dt
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 Laplace Transform of Integrals

1
  x(t )dt  X ( S )
s

• The time domain integral becomes division by

s in frequency domain.

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 Example-1: Calculation of the Transfer Function
• Consider the following ODE where y(t) is input of the system and
x(t) is the output.
d 2 x(t ) dy(t ) dx(t )
A C B
• or dt 2 dt dt

Ax' ' (t )  Cy' (t )  Bx' (t )

• Taking the Laplace transform on either sides

A[ s 2 X ( s )  sx(0)  x' (0)]  C[ sY ( s )  y(0)]  B[ sX ( s )  x(0)]

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 Calculation of the Transfer Function

A[ s 2 X ( s )  sx(0)  x' (0)]  C[ sY ( s )  y(0)]  B[ sX ( s )  x(0)]

• Considering Initial conditions to zero in order to find the transfer

function of the system

As 2 X ( s )  CsY ( s )  BsX ( s )
• Rearranging the above equation (Separate input and output
variables) 2
As X ( s )  BsX ( s )  CsY ( s )
X ( s )[ As 2  Bs ]  CsY ( s )
X ( s) Cs C
 
Y ( s ) As  Bs As  B
2
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 Example-2
1. Calculate the transfer function of the RC network shown in figure-1.
Assume that the capacitor is not initially charged.

Figure-1

2. u(t) and y(t) are the input and output respectively of a system defined by
following ODE. Determine the Transfer Function. Assume there is no any
energy stored in the system.

6u' ' (t )  3u(t )   y(t )dt  3 y' ' ' (t )  y(t )

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 Transfer Function
• In general

• Where x is the input of the system and y is the output of

the system.

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 Transfer Function

• When order of the denominator polynomial is greater

than the numerator polynomial the transfer function is
said to be ‘proper’.

• Otherwise ‘improper’

• And when order of the denominator polynomial is equal

to the numerator polynomial ( 𝑛 = 𝑚 ) the transfer
function is said to be ‘strictly proper’.
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 Transfer Function
• Transfer function helps us to check

– The stability of the system

– Time domain and frequency domain characteristics of the

system

– Response of the system for any given input

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 Stability of Control System
• There are several meanings of stability, in general
there are two kinds of stability definitions in control
system study.

– Absolute Stability (Yes or No Answer)

– Relative Stability (How much?)

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 Stability of Control System

• Roots of denominator polynomial of a transfer

function are called ‘poles’.

• Poles of the system are represented by ‘x’.

• And the roots of numerator polynomials of a

transfer function are called ‘zeros’.

• Zeros of the system are represented by ‘o’.

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 Stability of Control System
• System order is always equal to number of poles
of the transfer function.

• Following transfer function represents nth order

plant.

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 Stability of Control System
• Poles is also defined as “it is the frequency at which
magnitude response of system becomes infinite”.
• Hence the name pole where field is infinite.

• And zero is the frequency at which magnitude response

of system becomes 0.

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 Relation b/w poles and zeros and frequency
response of the system
• The relationship between poles and zeros and the frequency
response of a system comes alive with this 3D pole-zero plot.

Single pole system

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Relation b/w poles and zeros and frequency
response of the system
• 3D pole-zero plot
– System has 1 ‘zero’ and 2 ‘poles’.

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Relation b/w poles and zeros and frequency
response of the system

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 Example-3
• Consider the Transfer function calculated in Example-1.
X (s) C
G( s )  
Y ( s ) As  B

• Calculate the poles and zeros of the system (If any).

Solution
• The denominator polynomial is
As  B  0

• The only pole of the system is

B
s 20
A
 Example-4
• For the following transfer functions.
– Determine
• Whether the transfer function is proper or improper
• Poles of the system
• Zeros of the system
• Order of the system

s 3 ii) G ( s ) 
s
i) G ( s ) 
s ( s  2) ( s  1)( s  2)( s  3)

s ( s  3) 2
s ( s  1)
2
iii) G (s)  iv) G (s) 
s ( s 2  10) ( s  10)( s  1)
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 Stability of Control Systems
• The poles and zeros of the system are plotted in s-plane
to check the stability of the system.
j

LHP RHP

Recall s    j


s-plane

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 Stability of Control Systems
• If all the poles of the system lie in left half plane the
system is said to be Stable.
• If any of the poles lie in right half plane the system is said
to be unstable.
• If pole(s) lie on imaginary axis the system is said to be
marginally stable. j

LHP RHP

s-plane
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 Example-5
• For example
C
G( s )  , if A  1, B  3 and C  10
As  B
• Then the only pole of the system lie at
B
s pole  3
A
j

LHP RHP

X 
-3

s-plane
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 Example-6
• For the following transfer functions.
 Draw the pole-zero map
 Determine the Stability of the system

s3 G( s ) 
s
i) G( s )  ii)
s( s  2 ) ( s  1)( s  2)( s  3)

( s  3) 2 s 2 ( s  1)
iii) G( s )  iv) G( s ) 
s( s 2  10 ) s( s  10 )

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 Another definition of Stability
• The system is said to be stable if for any bounded
input the output of the system is also bounded
(BIBO).
• Thus the for any bounded input the output either
remain constant or decrease with time.
u(t) overshoot
y(t)
1

Plant 1
t
t
Unit Step Input
Output
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 Another definition of Stability
• If for any bounded input the output is not
bounded the system is said to be unstable.

u(t)
y(t)
1
e at
Plant
t
t
Unit Step Input
Output

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 BIBO vs Transfer Function
• For example
Y ( s) 1 Y ( s) 1
G1 ( s)   G2 ( s)  
U ( s) s  3 U ( s) s  3
Pole-Zero Map Pole-Zero Map
4 4

3 stable 3 unstable
2 2

1 1
Imaginary Axis

Imaginary Axis
0 0

-1 -1

-2 -2

-3 -3

-4 -4
-4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4
Real Axis Real Axis
 BIBO vs Transfer Function
• For example
Y ( s) 1 Y ( s) 1
G1 ( s)   G2 ( s)  
U ( s) s  3 U ( s) s  3

1 Y (s)
1 1 1 Y (s) 1
 G1 ( s )    1
 G2 ( s)   1
 1
U ( s) s3 U (s) s 3
 y (t )  e 3t u (t )  y (t )  e3t u (t )
 BIBO vs Transfer Function
• For example
3t
y(t )  e u (t ) y (t )  e3t u (t )
12
exp(-3t)*u(t) x 10 exp(3t)*u(t)
1 12

10
0.8

8
0.6
6
0.4
4

0.2
2

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 0 2 4 6 8 10
 BIBO vs Transfer Function
• Whenever one or more than one poles are in
RHP the solution of dynamic equations
contains increasing exponential terms.
• Such as e3t .
• That makes the response of the system
unbounded and hence the overall response of
the system is unstable.
To download this lecture visit
http://imtiazhussainkalwar.weebly.com/

END OF LECTURE-2

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