C HAPTER

16
Nutrition Through the
Lifecycle:
Childhood to Late
Adulthood

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by

James Bailey, University of Tennessee

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,

publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
 Toddlers

Age 1 to 3 years
 Rapid growth rate of infancy begins to slow
 Gain 5.5 to 7.5 inches and 9 to 11 pounds
 High energy requirement due to increased activity
level

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 Toddlers

Macronutrients
 30–40% of total kcal from fat
 1.10 g of protein per kg body weight
 130 g carbohydrates per day
 14 g fiber per 1,000 kcal of energy consumed

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 Toddlers

Micronutrients
 Ensure adequate intake of the micronutrients
obtained from fruits and vegetables, including
 Vitamins A, C, E, calcium, iron, zinc
 Iron-deficient anemia is the most common nutrient
deficiency in young children

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 Toddlers

Fluid needs
 1.3 liters/day

Supplements
 Toddlers may need supplements due to their erratic
eating habits, especially for fluoride
 Supplements should not exceed 100% RDA for any
nutrient

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 Toddlers

Nutritious food choices

 Toddlers have an innate ability to match their intake
with their needs
 Keeping a nutritious variety of foods available
encourages a healthful diet
 Food should not be forced on a child
 Do not use bribery to encourage children to eat
 Foods prepared should be fun

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 Toddlers

Allergies
 Continue to watch for food allergies
 Introduce one new food at a time

Vegetarian families
 A diet including eggs and dairy can be a healthful
diet
 A vegan diet may lack essential vitamins and
minerals

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 Children

Age 4 to 8 years
 DRI values are the same for males and females
through the age of 8
 Growth rate is 2 to 4 inches per year

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 Children

Macronutrients
 Total fat intake should gradually drop to a level
closer to adult fat intake
 25–35% of total energy from fat
 0.95 g of protein per kg body weight
 130 g carbohydrate per day
 14 g fiber per 1,000 kcal of energy consumed

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 Children

Micronutrients
 Vitamins and minerals from fruits and vegetables
continue to be a concern
 Vitamins A, C, E, calcium, iron, zinc
 Large increases in the DRIs compared to toddlers

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 Children

Fluid
 1.7 liters/day

Supplements
 May be recommended when particular food groups
are not eaten regularly
 Supplements should be appropriate for the child’s
age

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 Children

Nutritious food choices

 Parents can teach children about healthful food
choices
 Some foods “help us grow healthy and strong”
 Some foods are better used as occasional treats

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 Children

Overweight for children

 Risk for overweight: a BMI in the 85th percentile
 Overweight: a BMI in the 95th percentile
 Greater risk for type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and
other medical problems

Overweight children are at greater risk of becoming

overweight adults.

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 MyPyramid For Kids

Figure 16.3 (1 of 2)
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 MyPyramid For Kids

Figure 16.3 (2 of 2)
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 Children

Age 9 to 13 years
 Growth is slow and steady—2 to 3 inches per year
 Children begin to make their own food choices
 Activity levels vary

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 Children

Macronutrients
 25%–35% of total energy from fat
 0.95 g protein per kg body weight
 130 g carbohydrates per day
 45%–60% of kcal from carbohydrates
 14 g fiber per 1,000 kcal of energy consumed

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

 Children

Micronutrients
 Micronutrient needs rise sharply as children
approach puberty
 Meeting the needs for calcium and iron are very
important

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 Children

Fluid
 Adequate Intake (AI) of fluids varies by gender,
ranging from 2.1 liters (females) to 2.4 liters/day
(males)

Supplements
 A vitamin/mineral supplement supplying no more
than 100% of the daily values may be warranted

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 Children

Nutritious food choices

 Peer pressure can influence a child’s food choices
 Healthy role models, such as athletes, can be used
to encourage good choices
 School lunches must meet USDA guidelines, but
this does not control what the child actually eats

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 Obesity in Children

 Obesity is now epidemic in the United States

among school-aged children
 Caused by eating too many calories and not enough
physical activity
 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends that
children be very active for at least one hour per day

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 Children

Nutrition related concerns

 Body image and appearance become more
important to children as puberty approaches
 Inadequate calcium intake can result as children
make their own choices and may avoid milk in
favor of other beverages
 Establish a regular tooth brushing habit

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 Adolescents

Age 14 to 18 years
 Growth spurts begin at age 10 to 11 for girls and 12
to 13 for boys
 An average 20%–25% increase in height is
expected
 Weight and body composition also change

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 Adolescents

Macronutrients
 Estimated energy requirements (EER) for
adolescents is based on gender, age, activity level,
height and weight
 25%–35% of total energy from fat
 45%–65% of kcal from carbohydrates
 0.85 g protein per kg body weight
 26 g of fiber per day

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 Adolescents

Micronutrients
 Calcium and vitamin D intakes must be sufficient
for achieving peak bone density
 Iron needs are relatively high
 15 mg/day for females
 11 mg/day for males
 Vitamin A is critical for supporting rapid growth
and development

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 Adolescents

Fluid
 The need to maintain fluid intake is increased by
higher activity levels
 Boys: 3.3 liters/day
 Girls: 2.3 liters/day

Supplements
 A multivitamin can be a safety net, but should not
replace a healthful diet

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

 Adolescents

Nutritious food choices

 Peer influences and fast-paced lifestyle can lead
adolescents to choose fast foods
 Parents can act as role models and keep healthful
food choices available
 Adequate intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole
grains should be encouraged

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 Adolescents

Nutrition related concerns

 Adequate physical activity is very important in
reducing obesity
 Disordered eating and eating disorders can begin in
these years
 Cigarette smoking, alcohol, and illegal drugs can
also have an impact on nutrition and health

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 Young and Middle Adults

The primary concerns of these years include

 Maintenance of health
 Eating a balanced diet
 Staying physically active
 Reducing the risks of chronic diseases

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 Older Adults

Physiologic changes to the bodies of older adults,

age 65 years and older, include
 Decreased muscle and lean tissue
 Increased fat mass
 Decreased bone density
 Decreased immune function
 Impaired absorption of nutrients
 Taste and smell perception is often diminished

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

 Older Adults

Macronutrients
 Energy needs usually decrease due to reduced
activity levels and lower lean body mass
 Recommendations for fat, carbohydrate, and
proteins intakes are the same as for younger adults
 Older adults can consume slightly less fiber

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 Older Adults

Table 16.2
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 Older Adults

Micronutrients
 Calcium and vitamin D requirements increase due
to poor calcium absorption
 Iron needs decrease
 Zinc intake should be maintained for optimizing
immune function
 Adequate intake of B-complex vitamins is a special
concern

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

 Older Adults

Fluid
 AI for fluid is the same as for younger adults
 Men: 3.7 liters/day
 Women: 2.7 liters/day
 Older adults are especially susceptible to
dehydration

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 Tufts Food Guide Pyramid for Older Adults

Figure 16.7
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 Older Adults

Nutrition related concerns

 Many chronic diseases are more prevalent in
overweight or obese adults
 Underweight may result from illness, disability,
loss of sense of taste or smell, depression, social
isolation
 Dental health issues may cause older adults to
avoid meats, firm fruits, and vegetables

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 Older Adults

Nutrition related concerns

 Some medications can alter nutrient absorption or
decrease appetite
 Alcohol abuse
 Financial and mobility problems

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 Financial Problems

6–7% of households with older Americans

experience food insecurity.
Food insecurity means they are unable to obtain
enough food to meet their needs every day.
 Food Stamp Program
 Child and Adult Care Program
 Commodity Supplemental Food Program
 Senior Farmer’s Market Nutrition Program
 Nutrition Services Incentive Program

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 Geriatric Weight Loss

Figure 16.10
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