C++ Programming:

From Problem Analysis

to Program Design, Fourth Edition

Chapter 5: Control Structures II

(Repetition)
Objectives
In this chapter, you will:
• Learn about repetition (looping) control
structures
• Explore how to construct and use count-
controlled, sentinel-controlled, flag-controlled,
and EOF-controlled repetition structures
• Examine break and continue statements
• Discover how to form and use nested control
structures

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 2

Why Is Repetition Needed?

• Repetition allows you to efficiently use

variables
• Can input, add, and average multiple
numbers using a limited number of variables
• For example, to add five numbers:
− Declare a variable for each number, input the
numbers and add the variables together
− Create a loop that reads a number into a variable
and adds it to a variable that contains the sum of
the numbers
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 3
while Looping (Repetition)
Structure
• The general form of the while statement is:

while is a reserved word

• Statement can be simple or compound
• Expression acts as a decision maker and is
usually a logical expression
• Statement is called the body of the loop
• The parentheses are part of the syntax
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 4
while Looping (Repetition)
Structure (continued)

• Infinite loop: continues to execute endlessly

− Avoided by including statements in loop body
that assure exit condition is eventually false

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 5

while Looping (Repetition)
Structure (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 6

Designing while Loops

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 7

Case 1: Counter-Controlled
while Loops
• If you know exactly how many pieces of data
need to be read, the while loop becomes a
counter-controlled loop

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 8

Telephone Digits

• Example 5-5 provides an example of a

sentinel-controlled loop
• The program converts uppercase letters to
their corresponding telephone digit

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 9

More on Expressions in while
Statements
• The expression in a while statement can be
complex
− For example:
while ((noOfGuesses < 5) && (!isGuessed))
{
…
}

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 10

Programming Example: Checking
Account Balance
• A local bank in your town needs a program to
calculate a customer’s checking account
balance at the end of each month
• Data are stored in a file in the following form:
467343 23750.40
W 250.00
D 1200
W 75.00
I 120.74

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 11

Programming Example: Checking
Account Balance (continued)
• The first line of data shows the account
number followed by the account balance at
the beginning of the month
• Thereafter each line has two entries:
− Transaction code
− Transaction amount
• Transaction codes
− W or w means withdrawal
− D or d means deposit
− I or i means interest paid by the bank

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 12

Programming Example: Checking
Account Balance (continued)
• Program updates balance after each
transaction
• During the month, if at any time the balance
goes below $1000.00, a $25.00 service fee is
charged

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 13

Programming Example: Checking
Account Balance (continued)
• Program prints the following information:
− Account number
− Balance at the beginning of the month
− Balance at the end of the month
− Interest paid by the bank
− Total amount of deposit
− Number of deposits
− Total amount of withdrawal
− Number of withdrawals
− Service charge if any
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 14
Programming Example: Input and
Output
• Input: file consisting of data in the previous
format
• Output is of the following form:
Account Number: 467343
Beginning Balance: $23750.40
Ending Balance: $24611.49
Interest Paid: $366.24
Amount Deposited: $2230.50
Number of Deposits: 3
Amount Withdrawn: $1735.65
Number of Withdrawals: 6
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 15
Programming Example: Program
Analysis
• The first entry in the input file is the account
number and the beginning balance
• Program first reads account number and
beginning balance
• Thereafter, each entry in the file is of the
following form:
transactionCode transactionAmount
• To determine account balance, process each
entry that contains transaction code and
transaction amount
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 16
Programming Example: Program
Analysis (continued)
• Begin with starting balance and then update
account balance after processing each entry
• If transaction code is D, d, I, or i, transaction
amount is added to the account balance
• If the transaction code is W or w, transaction
amount is subtracted from the balance
• Keep separate counts of withdrawals and
deposits

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 17

Programming Example: Analysis
Algorithm
• Algorithm:
− Declare the variables
− Initialize the variables
− Get the account number and beginning
balance
− Get transaction code and transaction amount
− Analyze transaction code and update the
appropriate variables
− Repeat Steps 4 and 5 for all data
− Print the result
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 18
Programming Example: Variables
and Constants

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 19

Programming Example: Steps

• Declare variables as discussed previously

• Initialize variables
− isServiceCharged is initialized to false
− Read the beginning balance in the variable
beginningBalance from the file and
initialize the variable accountBalance to the
value of the variable beginningBalance
− Since the data will be read from a file, you
need to open input file

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 20

Programming Example: Steps
(continued)
• Get account number and starting balance
infile >> acctNumber >> beginningBalance;

• Get transaction code and transaction amount

infile >> transactionCode
>> transactionAmount;

• Analyze transaction code and update

appropriate variables

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 21

Programming Example: Steps
(continued)
• Repeat Steps 4 and 5 until there is no more
data
− Since the number of entries in the input file is
not known, use an EOF-controlled while loop
• Print the result

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 22

Programming Example: Main
Algorithm
• Declare and initialize variables
• Open input file
• If input file does not exist, exit
• Open output file
• Output numbers in appropriate formats
• Read accountNumber and
beginningBalance

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 23

Programming Example: Main
Algorithm (continued)
• Set accountBalance to beginningBalance
• Read transactionCode and
transactionAmount
while (not end of input file)
if transactionCode is 'D' or 'd'
Add transactionAmount to accountBalance
Increment numberOfDeposits
if transactionCode is 'I' or 'i'
Add transactionAmount to accountBalance
Add transactionAmount to interestPaid

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 24

Programming Example: Main
Algorithm (continued)
if transactionCode is 'W' or 'w'
Subtract transactionAmount from
accountBalance
Increment numberOfWithdrawals
if (accountBalance < MINIMUM_BALANCE
&& !isServicedCharged)
Subtract SERVICE_CHARGE from accountBalance
Set isServiceCharged to true
if transactionCode is other than 'D', 'd', 'I',
'i', 'W', or 'w', output an error message
• Output the results
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 25
for Looping (Repetition)
Structure
• The general form of the for statement is:

• The initial statement, loop

condition, and update statement are
called for loop control statements
− initial statement usually initializes a
variable (called the for loop control, or for
indexed, variable)
• In C++, for is a reserved word
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 26
for Looping (Repetition)
Structure (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 27

for Looping (Repetition)
Structure (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 28

for Looping (Repetition)
Structure (continued)
• C++ allows you to use fractional values for
loop control variables of the double type
− Results may differ
• The following is a semantic error:

• The following is a legal for loop:

for (;;)
cout << "Hello" << endl;
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 29
for Looping (Repetition)
Structure (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 30

do…while Looping (Repetition)
Structure
• General form of a do...while:

• The statement executes first, and then the

expression is evaluated
• To avoid an infinite loop, body must contain a
statement that makes the expression false
• The statement can be simple or compound
• Loop always iterates at least once
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 31
do…while Looping (Repetition)
Structure (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 32

do…while Looping (Repetition)
Structure (continued)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 33

Divisibility Test by 3 and 9

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 35

Choosing the Right Looping
Structure
• All three loops have their place in C++
− If you know or can determine in advance the
number of repetitions needed, the for loop is
the correct choice
− If you do not know and cannot determine in
advance the number of repetitions needed,
and it could be zero, use a while loop
− If you do not know and cannot determine in
advance the number of repetitions needed,
and it is at least one, use a do...while loop
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 36
break and continue Statements

• break and continue alter the flow of control

• break statement is used for two purposes:
− To exit early from a loop
• Can eliminate the use of certain (flag) variables
− To skip the remainder of the switch structure
• After the break statement executes, the
program continues with the first statement
after the structure

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 37

break & continue Statements
(continued)
• continue is used in while, for, and
do…while structures
• When executed in a loop
− It skips remaining statements and proceeds
with the next iteration of the loop

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 38

Nested Control Structures

• To create the following pattern:

*
**
***
****
*****
• We can use the following code:
for (i = 1; i <= 5 ; i++)
{
for (j = 1; j <= i; j++)
cout << "*";
cout << endl;
}

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 39

Nested Control Structures
(continued)
• What is the result if we replace the first for
statement with the following?
for (i = 5; i >= 1; i--)

• Answer:
*****
****
***
**
*

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 40

Summary

• C++ has three looping (repetition) structures:

− while, for, and do…while
• while, for, and do are reserved words
• while and for loops are called pretest
loops
• do...while loop is called a posttest loop
• while and for may not execute at all, but
do...while always executes at least once

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 41

Summary (continued)
• while: expression is the decision maker, and
the statement is the body of the loop
• A while loop can be:
− Counter-controlled
− Sentinel-controlled
− EOF-controlled
• In the Windows console environment, the
end-of-file marker is entered using Ctrl+z

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 42

Summary (continued)

• for loop: simplifies the writing of a counter-

controlled while loop
− Putting a semicolon at the end of the for loop
is a semantic error
• Executing a break statement in the body of a
loop immediately terminates the loop
• Executing a continue statement in the body
of a loop skips to the next iteration

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 43

Scopes of Variables 0
loop in :: 1
int main() loop end :: 3
{
loop in :: 4
........ loop end :: 6
........ 7
Press any key to
int i=0; continue

cout << i << endl;

for (i = 1; i < 5; i++)
{
cout << "loop in :: " << i << endl;
i+=2;
cout << "loop end :: " << i << endl;
}
cout << i << endl;
return 0;
}

44