Introduction to Object Oriented

Analysis and Design Basics-

Lecture 1

By:
Ms. Amina Mustansir
Lecturer PUCIT
 Learning Outcomes

What is Analysis?
What is design?
Difference between structured and object
oriented approach
Concepts related to object oriented techniques
Object oriented analysis and design

Object Oriented Analysis and

Design Basics 2
Introduction
Teacher
Class
Subject
 Name
 Course outline
 Books
 Project
 Assignments
Object Oriented Analysis and
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Analysis
Analysis is investigation of problem and requirements, not
solution
It is “What customer wants”/”What customer needs”
Analysis best qualified as
 Requirement Analysis

 Object Analysis

Requirements and Specification phases together

completes a Analysis Phase
 Requirement Phase compose of preliminary study and domain
study
 Specification phase explicitly describes the functionality of the
product as well as the constraints attached to it

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Design
Design is a conceptual solution that fulfills the requirements, not
implementation
In general it is “How”
Design best qualified as
 Object design
 Database design
Design is about managing complexity: a design method helps you
to split big projects into manageable chunks
Architectural Design and Detailed Design completes a design phase
 Architectural Design is the high level abstraction of the system under
consideration, in form of components, their interfaces and
relationships.
 Detailed Design is the low level abstraction of each component in detail

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 Analysis and Design can be
summarized as; do the right thing
(analysis), and do the thing right
(Design)

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Analysis and Design Approaches
Structured Approach
 Action oriented technique
 Data oriented techniques
Object Oriented Approach
 Action oriented techniques and Data oriented techniques are
two sides of a coin, captured as one in OO

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Differences
70 to 80s 80s Onwards
Requirement Requirement
Phase Phase
Data Flow Analysis
OO Analysis Phase
Phase

Structure Design OO Design Phase

Phase

Structure OO Programming
Programming Phase

Integration & Integration &

Maintenance Maintenance
Phase Object Oriented Analysis and Phase
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 Withdraw
Message Message

Account Account
Balance Balance

Determine
Balance

Determine
Deposit Balance Message

Structured paradigm Object Oriented paradigm

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Differences between structured
paradigm and object oriented paradigm
Object-Oriented
Structured Paradigm Paradigm
Specification (analysis ) Object-oriented analysis
 Determine what the phase
product is to do  Determine what the product is
to do
 Extract the objects
Design phase Object-oriented design
 Architectural design phase
(extract the modules)
 Detailed design
 Detailed design
Object-oriented
Implementation phase
programming phase
 Implement in appropriate
programming language  Implement in appropriate
object-oriented
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programming language 10
Object Oriented Paradigm
Basic Concepts
 Class
 Object
 Class relationships
 Inheritance
 Polymorphism
 Dynamic binding

Enabling Design Features




Abstraction/Step wise refinement
Information hiding
Cohesion and Coupling
} Data Encapsulation

 Decomposition and Modularization

Benefits
 Understandability
 Maintenance
 Independence
 Reusability

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Concepts
Class:
 A class is an abstract data type that
supports Inheritance
Object:
 Is an Instance of a class

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Class relationships
 Specialization/Generalization

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 Association
 Aggregation & Composition

Radiologist

consults

Artist

Association Composition
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 Polymorphism and Dynamic binding

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Enabling Design Features
 Abstraction/Step wise refinement } Data Encapsulation
 Information hiding
 Cohesion and Coupling
 Decomposition and Modularization

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Why Object Oriented Design?
(Benefits)
Object-oriented systems are easier to maintain as the objects are
independent. They may be understood and modified as stand-alone
entities.
Changing the implementation of an object or adding services
should not affect other system objects.
There is often a clear mapping between real-world entities (such as
hardware components) and their controlling objects in the system.
This improves the understandability and hence the maintainability
of the design.
Objects are potentially reusable components because they are
independent encapsulations of state and operations. Designs can
be developed using objects that have been created in previous
designs. This reduces design, programming and validation costs. It
may also lead to the use of standard objects (hence improving
design understandability) and reduces the risks involved in
software development.

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What is object oriented Analysis and
Design?

Object-oriented analysis, design and programming

are all part of object-oriented development where an
object-oriented strategy is used throughout the
development process:

 Object Oriented Analysis

 Object Oriented Design

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Object-oriented analysis
Is concerned with developing an object-
oriented model of the application domain. The
identified objects reflect entities and
operations that are associated with the
problem to be solved

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Object-oriented design
Is concerned with developing an object-
oriented model of a software system to
implement the identified requirements. The
objects in an object-oriented design are
related to the solution of the problem that is
being solved.

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 Is concerned with realizing a software design
using an object-oriented programming
language. An object-oriented programming
language supports the direct implementation
of objects and provides facilities to define
object classes.
Plane
visualization of
domain concept tailNumber domain concept

public class Plane

{
representation in an private String tailNumber;
object-oriented
programming language public List getFlightHistory() {...}
Object Oriented Analysis and
}
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Example
A “dice Game”
A player rolls two die. If the total is seven, he wins; other
wise he loses

Analysis Design

Define Define Design

Define Define Domain
Interaction Class
Use Cases Model
Diagram Diagram

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Define Use Cases
Use Cases are not object oriented artifacts. However plays
an important role in Unified Process

Use Case: Play Play

A player picks
up dies and rolls
them

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Define a Model Diagram

Identification of concepts, attributes and associations

Player 1 2 Die
Rolls
Name
Face value
1 2
Plays
1
DiceGame
1 Includes

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Define Interaction Diagram
Messages flow between software objects and
invocation of methods
:DiceGame die1:Die die2: Die
Play()
roll()

GetFaceValue()

roll()

GetFaceValue()

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Define Design Class Diagram
Attributes and Methods

DiceGame Die

die1:Die faceValue: int

1 2
die2:Die
GetFaceVlue(): int
play() roll()

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REFERENCES
REFFERENCES:
 Object-Oriented and Classical Software
Engineering by Stephen R Schach

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