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Cross Sectional Elements of A Road

The document discusses various cross-sectional elements of highways, including camber, kerbs, shoulders, unevenness, light reflection, right of way, and superelevation. It describes how these elements influence the life of the pavement, riding comfort, and safety. Camber provides drainage and protects the pavement and sub-grade from water. Kerbs delineate the roadway and come in different heights. Shoulders provide space for stopped vehicles and lateral support. Unevenness affects vehicle costs and speeds. Right of way reserves land for future road facilities. Superelevation counters centrifugal force on curves.

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2K views16 pages

Cross Sectional Elements of A Road

The document discusses various cross-sectional elements of highways, including camber, kerbs, shoulders, unevenness, light reflection, right of way, and superelevation. It describes how these elements influence the life of the pavement, riding comfort, and safety. Camber provides drainage and protects the pavement and sub-grade from water. Kerbs delineate the roadway and come in different heights. Shoulders provide space for stopped vehicles and lateral support. Unevenness affects vehicle costs and speeds. Right of way reserves land for future road facilities. Superelevation counters centrifugal force on curves.

Uploaded by

RamanarayanSankriti
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Highway Cross Sectional Elements are

1. Camber
2. Kerb
3. Shoulder
4. Unevenness
5. Light Reflection
6. Right of Way or Land Way
7. Superelevation
The cross-section of the pavement influences :
a) The life of the pavement
b) The riding comfort
c) Safety.

But , pavement surface characteristics affect both Camber, kerbs and geometry of
various cross-sectional elements are important aspects to be considered in this regard.
Camber is measured in 1 in n or n% (Eg. 1 in 50 or 2%) and the value depends on the type of
pavement surface.
Types of camber
1. Parabolic
2. Straight
3. Combination of Parabolic and Straight

Fig: Types of Camber


Camber is the cross slope provided to raise
middle of the road surface in the transverse
direction to drain off rain water from road
surface.

The objectives of camber are:

• Surface protection especially for gravel and


bituminous roads

• Sub-grade protection by proper drainage

• Quick drying of pavement which in turn


increases safety Too steep slope is
undesirable for it will erode the surface.

Fig: Cross slope or Camber


Kerbs indicate the boundary between the carriage way and the shoulder or islands or footpaths.

Types of kerbs :
1. Low or Mountable Kerb
2. Semi –Barrier type Kerb
3. Barrier type Kerb

Fig. Kerbs along the side of the Pavement


1. Low or mountable kerbs :

This type of kerbs are provided such that they encourage the traffic to remain in the through traffic
lanes and also allow the driver to enter the shoulder area with little difficulty.

The height of this kerb is about 10 cm above the pavement edge with a slope which allows the
vehicle to climb easily.

This is usually provided at medians and channelization schemes and also helps in longitudinal
drainage.
2. Semi-barrier type kerbs :
• When the pedestrian traffic is high, these kerbs are provided.
• Their height is 15 cm above the pavement edge.
• This type of kerb prevents encroachment of parking vehicles, but at acute emergency it is possible to
drive over this kerb with some difficulty.

3. Barrier type kerbs :


• They are designed to discourage vehicles from leaving the pavement.
• They are provided when there is considerable amount of pedestrian traffic.
• They are placed at a height of 20 cm above the pavement edge with a steep batter.

Fig : Types of Kerb


Shoulders are provided along the road edge and are intended for accommodation of stopped
vehicles, serve as an emergency lane for vehicles and provide lateral support for base and surface
courses.

• The shoulder should be strong enough to bear the weight of a fully loaded truck even in wet
conditions.

• The shoulder width should be adequate for giving working space around a stopped vehicle.

Fig: Shoulder along the Edge of the Pavement


It is always desirable to have an even surface,
but it is Rarely possible to have such a one. Even if a
road is constructed with high quality pavers, it is
possible to develop unevenness due to pavement
failures.
Unevenness in Pavement will affect
a) The vehicle operating cost
b) Speed
c) Riding comfort
d) Safety
e) Fuel consumption
f) Wear and tear of tires
IRC Recommendations:

1. 1500mm/km --- Good


2. 2500mm/km --- Satisfactory (100kmph)
3. 3200mm/km --- Unsatisfactory (< 55kmph)

• Pavement Unevenness is Measured in terms of Unevenness index

• Unevenness index –Is a measure of unevenness which is the cumulative measure of


vertical undulations of the pavement surface recorded per unit horizontal length of the
road

Fig: Unevenness index Measurement


• White roads have good visibility at night, but cause glare during day time.
• Black roads has no glare during day, but has poor visibility at night
• Concrete roads has better visibility and less glare. It is necessary that the road surface should be
visible at night and reflection of light is the factor that answers it.

Night Time Day Time


Right of way (ROW) or land width is the width of land acquired for the road, along its
alignment.

• It should be adequate to accommodate all the cross-sectional elements of the highway and may
reasonably provide for future development.

• To prevent ribbon development along highways, control lines and building lines may be
provided.

• Control line is a line which represents the nearest limits of future uncontrolled building activity
in relation to a road. Building line represents a line on either side of the road, between which and
the road no building activity is permitted at all.

.
The importance of reserved land is emphasized by,

• Extra width of land is available for the construction of roadside facilities.

• Land acquisition is not possible later, because the land may be occupied for various other
purposes (buildings, business etc.)

Fig: Showing the Metro rail structure on the right of way

Because of Adequate Right of Way the Metro Rail was Successful


Superelevation or cant or banking is the transverse slope provided at horizontal curve to
counteract the centrifugal force.

•It is Provided by raising the outer edge of the pavement with respect to the inner edge,
throughout the length of the horizontal curve.

•When the outer edge is raised, a component of the curve weight will be complimented in
counteracting the effect of centrifugal force.

Fig: Super elevation


Forces acting on a vehicle on horizontal curve of radius “m “ at a speed of v m/sec2 are:

• P the centrifugal force acting horizontally out-wards through the center of gravity.

• W the weight of the vehicle acting down-wards through the center of gravity.

• F the friction force between the wheels and the pavement, along the surface inward.

Fig: Superelevation
Thank You

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