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Euclid's Contribution To Geometry and Algebra

Euclid of Alexandria, known as the "Father of Geometry", published his influential work Elements in 300 BC. Elements defined fundamental geometric concepts such as points, lines, and planes and established important theorems in geometry and number theory. It served as the main geometry textbook for over 2000 years. Euclid defined five postulates and common notions as axioms, including the parallel postulate which proved difficult to prove and led to the development of non-Euclidean geometries. His work established the foundation of deductive reasoning in mathematics.

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1K views

Euclid's Contribution To Geometry and Algebra

Euclid of Alexandria, known as the "Father of Geometry", published his influential work Elements in 300 BC. Elements defined fundamental geometric concepts such as points, lines, and planes and established important theorems in geometry and number theory. It served as the main geometry textbook for over 2000 years. Euclid defined five postulates and common notions as axioms, including the parallel postulate which proved difficult to prove and led to the development of non-Euclidean geometries. His work established the foundation of deductive reasoning in mathematics.

Uploaded by

ANKITA NAIR
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Euclid’s Contribution To Geometry and

Algebra
Euclid of Alexandria
• "Euclid" is the Greek name, meaning "Good Glory". Euclid - 300 BC, also
known as Euclid of Alexandria, was a Greek mathematician, often referred
to as the "Father of Geometry".
• He was active in Alexandria during the reign of Ptolemy I (323–283 BC).
• His Elements is one of the most influential works in the history of
mathematics, serving as the main textbook for teaching mathematics
(especially geometry) from the time of its publication until the late 19th or
early 20th century.
EUCLID's Definitions
• In the first Book of Elements, Euclid gave 23 definations and some of them are as follows
:-
● A piont is that which has no part.
● A line is breadthless lenght.
● The ends of a lina are points.
● A staight line is a line whick lies evenly with the points on itself.
● A surface is that which has lenght and breadth only.
● The edges of a surface are lines. Euclid assumed certain properties, which were not be
proved. These are actually 'obvious universal truths'. He divided them into two types: axioms
and postulates EUCLID's Axioms and
Euclidean geometry
• The geometrical system described in the Elements was long known simply as
geometry, and was considered to be the only geometry possible. Today,
however, that system is often referred to as Euclidean geometry to
distinguish it from other so-called nonEuclidean geometries that
mathematicians discovered in the 19th century.
Elements and number theory
• The Elements also includes number theory. It considers the connection
between perfect numbers and Mersenne primes, the infinitude of prime
numbers, Euclid's lemma on factorization (which leads to the fundamental
theorem of arithmetic on uniqueness of prime factorizations), and the
Euclidean algorithm for finding the greatest common divisor of two
numbers.
EUCLID's Axioms and Postulates

Axioms Postulates
• Things which are equal to the same • A straight line may be drawn from any one
things are equal to one another. point to any other point.
• If equals are added to equals, the • A terminated line can be produced
wholes are equal. indefinitely.
• The whole is greater than a part. • A circle can be drawn with any centre and
• Things which are half of the same any radius.
things are equal • All right angles are equal to one another
Euclid's Division Lemma
• Theorem: If there two positive integers a and b, there exist unique ineger q
and r satisfying
a = bq + r 0 < r < b.
• Through this lemma the formation of the fundamental theorem of
arithematic took place and Euclid's division algorithm is based on this
lemma.
Euclid's division lemma
Euclid's division lemma are used to obtain the HCF of two positive integer, say c and
d, with c > d, follow the steps below:-
• Step 1: Apply Euclid's division lemma, to c and d. So we find whole numbers, q and
r such that c = dq + r, 0 < r< d.
• Step 2: If r = 0, dis the HCF of c and d. If r is not equal to 0, apply the division
lemma to d and r
• Step 3: Continue the process till the remainder is zero. The divisor at this stage will
be the required HCF. Euclid's division algorithm is also use full to find the number
of tiles and the dimention to fill a space as shown in the animation.
Parallel postulate
• To the ancients, the parallel postulate seemed less obvious than the others. They
were concerned with creating a system which was absolutely rigorous and to them it
seemed as if the parallel line postulate should have been able to be proven rather
than simply accepted as a fact.
• It is now known that such a proof is impossible. Euclid himself seems to have
considered it as being qualitatively different from the others, as evidenced by the
organization of the Elements: the first 28 propositions he presents are those that
can be proved without it.
• Many alternative axioms can be formulated that have the same logical consequences
as the parallel postulate.

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