_Design of Masonry Structures

CEU 08204
No.1: INTRODUCTION
Course Outline & Coverage
Expected outcome:
• At the end of this course, students are expected to be able to:
• Design masonry structures;
• Prepare details for masonry structures.
Course contents
• Introduction to Masonry Structures
• Brick Masonry
• Stone masonry
• Load carrying systems: Design.
Delivery Mode
• 1 hour lecture and 1 hour tutorial per week
• A total of 15 hours lectures and 15 hours tutorials in whole semester
Mode of Assessment
• Total Coursework: 40%
• Test No. 1: 15%
• Test No: 2: 15%
• Ass 10%
• Final Examination: 60%
References
• Textbook:
• Ambrose, J. E., (1997) Simplified Design of Masonry Structures, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.,
• Other references:
• BS 5628 Part 1 to 3: Code of practice for use of masonry.
• Hendry, A.W., B.P. Sinha and S.R.Davies. (2004). Design of Masonry Structures.
Taylor & Francis
Background of Masonry
Constructions
Introduction
• What is Masonry construction?
• What defines masonry is the act of building structures from individual units
that are bound together by mortar.
• The word “masonry” is a general term that applies to
construction using hand-placed units of clay, concrete,
structural clay tile, glass block, natural stones and the like
Historical Building Method
• Originally unreinforced, compression element
• Their weight stabilized them against lateral loads
• Empirical design/ rule of thumb design used: (use of past experience)
• Bricks are the oldest manufactured building materials.
 Multi-level ghorfas, Tunisia
.
Syphinx of Giza
Beehive Domes
Beehive Domes
Duomo Baptistery in Italy
Skyscrapers, 1890’s
Modern use of Masonry- Examples
Modern use of Masonry- Examples
Modern use of Masonry- Examples
Modern use of Masonry- Examples
Modern use of Masonry- Examples
Why go for Masonry Structures?
• More economic way of construction: Materials availability, etc.
• Good thermal and sound insulation
• Have good fire resistance
• Produces good aesthetics
• Durable
.

Design Considerations
1. Load bearing considerations
• When we talk of masonry design, we actually refer to load-bearing
masonry wall design
• Basically, Load bearing masonry is appropriate for buildings which:
• Floor area subdivided into large number of rooms of small to medium size
• The floor plan id repeated on each storey throughout the height of the building
• This causes construction which:
• load bearing is continuous form foundation to roof level
• There is no unduly concentrations of vertical loads due to moderate floor spans
• Best utilized in constructions of hostels, flats, hotels and other residential
buildings
Wall arrangements
• The load bearing masonry walls can be arranged in different ways
depending on many factors like: functional requirements, site
conditions, etc.
• For learning purposes some arrangements can be defined:
• Cellular wall systems
• Simple or double cross-wall systems
• Complex arrangements
Cellular wall systems
• A cellular arrangement is one in which both internal and external
walls are loadbearing and in which these walls form a cellular pattern
in plan
•
Simple cross-wall systems
• the main bearing walls are at right angles to the longitudinal axis of
the building
• The floor slabs span between the main cross-walls, and longitudinal
stability is achieved by means of corridor walls,
• suitable for a
hostel or hotel
building
having a large
number of
identical rooms
Double cross-wall structures
• When deeper block with a service core is required, a more complex
system of cross-walls set parallel to both major axes of the building
may be used
Complex wall arrangements
• Can Include all kinds of hybrids between cellular and cross-wall
arrangements
2. Limit State Design
• The basic aim of structural design is to ensure that a structure should
fulfil its intended function throughout its lifetime without excessive
deflection, cracking or collapse.
• The objectives should be achieved whilst considering economy and
durability
• Thus under the existing limiting finances, an engineer should ensure
that the designed structure is “safe”.
• A building no matter how structurally sound it is, cannot be
considered safe under whatever magnitude of accidental load that
will hit the building.
2. Limit state…cont’d
• So in design it depends on what level of probability of failure will be
acceptable.
• That is when the concept of ‘limit state’ comes in.
• Limit state means: A structure becomes unfit for its intended purpose
when it reaches that particular condition.
• It can be the “ultimate limit state” meaning one of complete failure
or the “serviceability limit state” meaning an excessive deflection or
cracking
2. Limit state…cont’d
• The principle of limit state design may be summarized as follows:
• Ultimate design 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑅 ≥ 𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑(𝑆)
• Where 𝑅 = 𝑅𝑘 /𝛾𝑚 and 𝑆 = 𝑓 𝛾𝑓 𝑄𝑘
• 𝛾𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾𝑓 are partial safety factors; 𝑅𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄𝑘 are characteristic values of
resisting and applied loads respectively,
• The resisting and applied loads chosen such that 95% of samples representing
𝑅𝑘 will exceed this value and 95% of the applied load will be less than 𝑄𝑘
• The probalility of failure is then:
• 𝑃 𝑅−𝑆 ≤0 =𝑝
2. Limit state…cont’d
• Why partial safety factors? To allow for:
• Possible unusual increase in the load beyond those considered in deriving the
characteristic load
• Inaccurate assessment of effects of loading and unforeseen stress re-
distribution within the structure, and
• Vaiations in dimensions accuracy achieved in construction
Example: Partial safety factors
Example: Partial safety factors