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Math Logic

The document contains a series of true/false questions about various facts related to science, geography, mathematics, and history. It then provides explanations of propositional logic concepts such as propositions, logical connectors, truth tables, De Morgan's laws, and conditional statements. The document is intended to serve as an introduction to propositional logic.

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Jester Guballa de Leon
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
394 views

Math Logic

The document contains a series of true/false questions about various facts related to science, geography, mathematics, and history. It then provides explanations of propositional logic concepts such as propositions, logical connectors, truth tables, De Morgan's laws, and conditional statements. The document is intended to serve as an introduction to propositional logic.

Uploaded by

Jester Guballa de Leon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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True

or
False???
True or False???

The middle most


layer of the earth is
the core.
Answer: TRUE
True or False???

The New Year’s Day is


celebrated every 1 day
st

of the year.
Answer: TRUE
True or False???

The middle of the


solar system is the
sun.
Answer: TRUE
True or False???

Pi (Π) has an exact


value of 3.14.

Answer: FALSE
True or False???

The capital city of


China is Macau.

Answer: FALSE
True or False???

The smallest perfect


number is 6.

Answer: TRUE
True or False???

The current president of


our country is Pres.
Ferdinand E. Marcos.
Answer: FALSE
Propositional
Logic
Prepared by:
Mr. Jester G. de Leon
Propositional Logic
Propositional Logic
- It is also known as sentential logic or statement
logic.
- It is the branch of logic that studies ways of
joining, and/ or modifying entire propositions,
statements or sentences, as well as the logical
relationships and properties that are derived
from these methods of combining or altering
statements.
Propositional Logic
Definition
A proposition is a declarative sentence
that is either true or false, but NOT both.
If a proposition is true, then its truth
value is true denoted by T; otherwise, it
is false and denoted by F.
Propositional Logic
Notation
Propositions are usually denoted by small
letters such as p and q.

Example
p: Everyone should study logic.
Propositional Logic
Exercise # 1
Determine whether the following statements are propositions
or not. If a proposition, determine its truth value.
r: Bohol is an island in the Philippines. - a proposition
s: The earth is round. - a proposition
t: Find the number which divides your age. - not a proposition
u: Welcome to the Philippines! - not a proposition
v: 3 + 2 = 5 - a proposition
w1: It is not the case the square root of 2 is a rational number. - a proposition
w2: The product of two irrational numbers is always irrational. - a proposition
Propositional Logic
Compound Propositions
• It will rain today and tomorrow.

• You can have cookies or brownies for snacks.

• Either logic is fun and interesting, or it is boring.

• If you study hard, then you will get good grades.

• It is not the case that is a rational number.


Propositional Logic
Definition
A compound proposition is a proposition formed
from simpler propositions using logical connectors
or some combination of logical connectors. Some
logical connectors involving propositions p and/or
q may be expressed as follows: not p, p and q, p or
q, if p then q.
Propositional Logic

Note:
A proposition is simple if it cannot be broken
down further into other component
propositions.
Propositional Logic
Negation
p1: I am not going to the party.

p2 : 2 + 3 ≠ 1

p3 : This book is not interesting.

p4 : John is not wealthy.

p5 : All prime numbers are not odd.


Propositional Logic

Negation
- The negation of a proposition p denoted by ~p (read as not p)
and is defined through its truth table:

p ~p
T F
F T
Propositional Logic
Exercise # 2
State the negation of the following propositions.
n1: P(x) = is a polynomial function.
- P(x) = is not a polynomial function.
n2: 2 is an odd number.
- 2 is an even number.
n3: The tinikling is the most difficult dance.
- The tinikling is not the most difficult dance.
n4: Everyone in Visayas speaks Cebuano.
- Not all in Visayas speaks Cebuano.
Propositional Logic
Conjunction
Given:

p: It will rain today.

q: It will rain tomorrow.

p and q: It will rain today and it will rain tomorrow.


Propositional Logic
Conjunction
- The conjunction of propositions p and q is denoted by p ∧ q
(p and q) and is defined through its truth table:
p q p∧q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
Propositional Logic

Disjunction
p3: You are going to have cookies or brownies for
dessert.

p4: You are going to get above 90 in math or an average


of 85 on all subjects to have a party.
Propositional Logic
Disjunction
- The disjunction of propositions p and q is denoted by p ∨ q
(p or q) and is defined through its truth table:
p q p∨q
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
Propositional Logic

Order of Operations
- Grouping: (), [], {}
- ~
- ∧, left to right
- ∨, left to right
Propositional Logic
Exercise # 3
Determine the truth value of each of the following if
p is true, q is false and r is false.
1. p ∧ ~q Truth Value: True
2. ~p ∨ q Truth Value: False
3. p ∨ q ∧ r Truth Value: True
4. p ∧ (q ∨ q) Truth Value: False
5. ~p ∧ q ∧ (q ∨ r) Truth Value: False
6. (~p ∨ q) ∧ (q ∨ q) Truth Value: False
7. (p ∨ q) ∧ (~p ∨ ~r) Truth Value: True
Propositional Logic

Some Special Negation


- What is ~(p ∧ q) and ~(p ∨ q)?
Propositional Logic
Some Special Negation
Given:
p: It will rain today.
q: It will rain tomorrow.

* What is ~(p ∧ q)?


= ~p ∨ ~q
* What is ~(p ∨ q)?
= ~p ∧ ~q
Propositional Logic
Exercise # 4
Prove using truth table that ~(p ∧ q) = ~p ∨ ~q.
p q ~p ~q p ∧ q ~(p ∧ q) ~p ∨ ~q
T T
T F
F T
F F
Propositional Logic
Exercise # 4
Prove using truth table that ~(p ∧ q) = ~p ∨ ~q.
p q ~p ~q p ∧ q ~(p ∧ q) ~p ∨ ~q
T T F F T F F
T F F T F T T
F T T F F T T
F F T T F T T
Propositional Logic
Exercise # 5
Prove using truth table that ~(p ∨ q) = ~p ∧ ~q.
p q ~p ~q p ∨ q ~(p ∨ q) ~p ∧ ~q
T T
T F
F T
F F
Propositional Logic
Exercise # 5
Prove using truth table that ~(p ∨ q) = ~p ∧ ~q.
p q ~p ~q p ∨ q ~(p ∨ q) ~p ∧ ~q
T T F F T F F
T F F T T F F
F T T F T F F
F F T T F T T
Propositional Logic

De Morgan’s Laws
~(p ∧ q) = ~p ∨ ~q
~(p ∨ q) = ~p ∧ ~q

Augustus De Morgan (1806-1871)


Propositional Logic
Conditional Statements
Math Coach: “If you win the math
contest, I’ll take you
out for pizza."
p: “We win the math contest.”
q: “Coach takes us out for pizza.”
Propositional Logic
Conditional
- The conditional of propositions p and q is denoted by p → q:
(if p then q) and is defined through its truth table:
p q p→q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T

p → q is also read as “p implies q”


p is the hypothesis and q is the conclusion
Propositional Logic
Related Conditionals
• Conditional (p → q)
If we win the math contest, coach will take us out for pizza.
• Converse (q → p)
If coach takes us for pizza, then we must have won the math
contest.
• Inverse (~p → ~q)
If we don’t win the math contest, then coach won’t take us out
for pizza.
• Contrapositive (~q → ~p)
If coach didn’t take us for pizza, then we must have not won
the game.
Propositional Logic
Biconditional
- The biconditional of propositions p and q is denoted by p ↔ q:
(p if and only if q) and is defined through its truth table:
p q p↔q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
Propositional Logic
Order of Operations
- Grouping: (), [], {}
- ~
- ∧, left to right
- ∨, left to right
- →
- ↔
Propositional Logic
Exercise # 6
Construct the truth table for the converse, inverse and
contrapositive of p → q.

p q p → q q → p ~p ~q ~p → ~q ~q → ~p

T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
Propositional Logic
Exercise # 7
Construct the truth table for ((p → q) ∧ q) ↔ q.

p q p → q (p → q) ∧ q ((p → q) ∧ q) ↔
q
T T
T F
F T
F F
Propositional Logic
Exercise # 6
Construct the truth table for the converse, inverse and
contrapositive of p → q.

p q p → q q → p ~p ~q ~p → ~q ~q → ~p

T T T T F F T T
T F F T F T T F
F T T F T F F T
F F T T T T T T
Propositional Logic
Exercise # 7
Construct the truth table for ((p → q) ∧ q) ↔ q.

p q p → q (p → q) ∧ q ((p → q) ∧ q) ↔
q
T T T T T
T F F F T
F T T T T
F F T F T
Propositional Logic
Exercise # 8
Construct the truth value of the following
propositions.
1. (p ∧ q) → p

2. (~p) → (p ∨ q)

3. (p → q) → (q ↔ p)

4. (~(p ∧ q) ∧ (~p)) ↔ q
Thank You!!!


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