What is Arduino?

Arduino is an open-source electronics prototyping platform

based on flexible, easy-to-use hardware and software.

Arduino can be used to develop stand-alone interactive

objects or can be connected to software on your computer.

It's intended for artists, designers, hobbyists, and anyone

interested in creating interactive objects or environments.

Arduino web site: www.arduino.cc

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 1
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 2
 Adruino boards
Arduino Arduino BT

Arduino MINI Arduino NANO

LilyPad Arduino

Ethernet shield

Xbee shield
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov (Not to scale) 3
 Arduino Duemilanove Microcontroller
("Duemilanove" means 2009 in Italian)

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 4

 Arduino Board Overview
USB chip
Digital input/output pins

USB connector Power LED

Reset button

Microcontroller
chip
Power connector

Power Analog
pins Input
pins
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 5
 Arduino Board Schematic

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 6

 Arduino Duemilanove Microcontroller Board
Duemilanove - the latest revision (2009) of the basic Arduino USB
board. It connects to the computer with a standard USB cable and
contains everything else you need to program and use the board. It
can be extended with a variety of shields: custom daughter-boards
with specific features.

It has:
• 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM (Pulse
Width Modulation) outputs)
• 6 analog inputs
• a 16 MHz crystal oscillator
• a USB connection
• a power jack
• an ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming) header
• a reset button.
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 7
 Digital or Analog?

• Digital – may take two values only: ON or OFF (1 or 0)

• Analog – has many (infinite) values

Computers don’t really do analog -- so they fake it, with quantization

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 8
 Arduino Duemilanove Microcontroller Board
Power:
The Arduino Duemilanove can be powered via the USB connection or
with an external power supply. The power source is selected
automatically.
External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC
adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by
plugging a 2.1 mm center-positive plug into the board's power jack.
Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin headers
of the POWER connector.
The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If
supplied with less than 7 V, however, the 5 V pin may supply less
than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using more than 12
V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board.
The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 9

 Arduino Duemilanove Microcontroller Board
The power pins are as follows:
• Vin. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source (as
opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can
supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it
through this pin.
• 5V. The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other components
on the board. This can come either from Vin via an on-board regulator, or be supplied by
USB or another regulated 5V supply.
• 3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board FTDI chip. Maximum current draw is 50
mA.
• GND. Ground pins.

USB connector

Power connector

3V3 output 5V output Vin

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 10
 Arduino Duemilanove Microcontroller Board
The Duemilanove basic board uses the Atmel ATmega328 chip
(http://www.atmel.com/dyn/resources/prod_documents/8161S.pdf).
Microcontroller ATmega328
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage
7-12 V
(recommended)
Input Voltage (limits) 6-20 V
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA

Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328) of which 2 KB used by bootloader

SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328)
EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328)
Clock Speed 16 MHz
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 11
 Using the breadboard
(Socket board)

The bread board has many strips of metal The metal strips are laid out as shown in
(copper usually) which run underneath the orange. The long top and bottom row of
board. holes are usually used for power supply
connections.

To use the bread board, the legs

of components are placed in the
holes (the sockets). The holes
are made so that they will hold
the component in place. The
circuit is built by placing
components and connecting them
together with jumper wires.

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 12

 What do you need to start working
with Arduino?

1. Arduino board – will be provided

2. USB cable – will be provided

3. Computer with USB interface

4. USB driver and Arduino application – to be

downloaded from (http://arduino.cc/en/Main/Software)

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 13

 Download the Arduino environment
To program the Arduino board you need the Arduino
environment.

Download the latest version from the page:

http://arduino.cc/en/Main/Software

When the download finishes, unzip the downloaded file.

Make sure to preserve the folder structure. Double-click
the folder to open it. There should be a few files and sub-
folders inside.

Doubleclick -- it will start Arduino software

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 14
 Download USB drivers
To connect your Arduino board to computer you need
USB drivers for the FTDI chip on the board.

You'll want to install the USB drivers before plugging in

the Arduino for the first time.

Download the latest version from the page:

http://www.ftdichip.com/Drivers/VCP.htm
(You can download executable file http://www.ftdichip.com/Drivers/CDM/CDM%202.04.16.exe
running which will install drivers)

Install the drivers.

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 15
 Arduino software

UPLOAD BUTTON

INPUT AREA

STATUS BAR
PROGRAM NOTIFICATION AREA
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 16
 Arduino software

Select your port Select microcontroller type

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 17

 Power up! (USB)
Now we are ready for the moment of truth, it's time to plug your
Arduino in and power it up. The most common way to do this is to
plug one end of the USB cable into the Arduino and the other end
into a computer. The computer will then power the Arduino.
Plug the square end of USB You should get a small green
cable into your Arduino; the light on the right side of the
other end – into computer. Arduino, as shown here

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 18

 Example 01
Your first program:
/*
* “Hello World!”
* This is the Hello World! for Arduino.
* It shows how to send data to the computer
*/

void setup() // run once, when the sketch starts

{
Serial.begin(9600); // set up Serial library at 9600 bps

Serial.println("Is anybody out there?"); // prints phrase with ending line

break
}

void loop() // run over and over again

{
// do nothing!
}
// After sending program to the Arduino, press Reset button on the board and
watch Serial monitor

Run this program. What do you see on the Serial Monitor?

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 19
 Arduino Program (Sketch) Structure
Declare variables at top
• Initialize
• setup() – run once at beginning, set pins
• Running
• loop() – run repeatedly, after setup()

Example of a bare minimum program:

void setup()
{
}

void loop()
{
}
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 20
 Arduino “Language”

• Language is standard C/C++ (but made easy)

• Lots of useful functions
pinMode() – set a pin as input or output
digitalWrite() – set a digital pin high/low
digitalRead() – read a digital pin’s state
analogRead() – read an analog pin
analogWrite() – write an “analog” PWM value
delay() – wait an amount of time (ms)
millis() – get the current time
• And many others. And libraries. And examples!
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 21
 Format of variables – 01
All variables have to be declared before they are
used.
Declaring a variable means defining its type, and
optionally, setting an initial value (initializing the
variable).
For example,

int inputVariable = 0;

declares that variable inputVariable is of type

int, and that its initial value is zero.

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 22

 Format of variables – 02
1. char – a data type that takes up 1 byte of memory that
stores a character value. Character literals are written in
single quotes, like this: 'A'.
2. byte – a byte stores an 8-bit unsigned number, from 0
to 255.
3. int – integers are your primary datatype for number
storage, and store a 2 byte value. This yields a range of
−32,768 to 32,767.
4. unsigned int – unsigned integers are the same as
integers in that they store a 2 byte value. Instead of
storing negative numbers however they only store
positive values, yielding a useful range of 0 to 65,535.
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 23
 Format of variables – 03
5. long – long variables are extended size variables for
number storage, and store 32 bits (4 bytes), from
−2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647.
6. unsigned long – unsigned long variables are extended
size variables for number storage, and store 32 bits (4
bytes). Unlike standard longs unsigned longs won't store
negative numbers, making their range from 0 to
4,294,967,295

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 24

 Format of variables – 04
7. float – datatype for floating-point numbers, a number
that has a decimal point. They are often used to
approximate analog and continuous values because they
have greater resolution than integers. Floating-point
numbers can be as large as 3.4028235E+38 and as low
as −3.4028235E+38. They are stored as 32 bits (4 bytes)
of information.
8. double – double precision floating point number.
Occupies 4 bytes. The double implementation on the
Arduino is currently exactly the same as the float, with
no gain in precision.

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 25

 Format of variables – 05
Example of variables:

char myChar = 'A';

char myChar = 65; // both are equivalent

byte b = B10010; // "B" is the binary

formatter (B10010 = 18
decimal)

int ledPin = 13;

unsigned int ledPin = 13;

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 26

 Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators include addition, subtraction,

multiplication, and division. They return the sum,
difference, product, or quotient of two operands.

y = y + 3;
x = x - 7;
i = j * 6;
r = r / 5;

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 27

 Example 02 Math
/* Math */

int a = 5;
int b = 10; Run this program.
int c = 20;

void setup()
{
What do you see on the
Serial.begin(9600); // set up Serial library at 9600 bps
Serial Monitor?
Serial.println("Here is some math: ");

Serial.print("a = ");
Serial.println(a);
Replace format “int” with
Serial.print("b = ");
Serial.println(b);
“float”
Serial.print("c = ");
Serial.println(c);

Serial.print("a + b = "); // add

Run this program again.
Serial.println(a + b);

Serial.print("a * c = "); // multiply What do you see on the

Serial.println(a * c);

Serial.print("c / b = "); // divide

Serial Monitor?
Serial.println(c / b);

Serial.print("b - c = "); // subtract

Serial.println(b - c);
}

void loop() // we need this to be here even though its empty

{
}

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 28

 Compound Operators
Increment or decrement a variable
X ++ // same as x = x + 1, or increments x by +1
X -- // same as x = x – 1, or decrements x by -1
X += y // same as x = x + y, or increments x by +y
X -= y // same as x = x - y, or decrements x by -y
X *= y // same as x = x * y, or multiplies x by y
X /= y // same as x = x / y, or divides x by y

Example:
x = 2; // x = 2
x += 4; // x now contains 6
x -= 3; // x now contains 3
x *= 10; // x now contains 30
x /= 2; // x now contains 15

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 29

 Comparison operators

x == y (x is equal to y)
x != y (x is not equal to y)
x < y (x is less than y)
x > y (x is greater than y)
x <= y (x is less than or equal to y)
x >= y (x is greater than or equal to y)

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 30

 “if” condition
“if”, which is used in conjunction with a comparison operator,
tests whether a certain condition has been reached, such as an
input being above a certain number. The format for an “if” test
is:
if (someVariable > 50)
{ comparison operator
// do something here
}
The program tests to see if someVariable is greater than 50. If it
is, the program takes a particular action.
If the statement in parentheses is true, the statements inside the
brackets are run. If not, the program skips over the code.
Example:
if (x > 120) digitalWrite(LEDpin, HIGH);

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 31

 “if…else”
The “if-else” is the primary means of conditional branching.

To branch an execution of your program depending on the state of a

digital input, we can use the following structure:

if (inputPin == HIGH)
{
doThingA;
}
else
{
doThingB;
}

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 32

 “for” statement
The “for” statement is used to repeat a block of statements
enclosed in curly braces. An increment counter is usually used to
increment and terminate the loop. The “for” statement is useful
for any repetitive operation:
for (initialization; condition; increment)
{
//statement(s);
}
The “initialization” happens first and exactly once. Each
time through the loop, the “condition” is tested; if it's true, the
“statement” block, and the “increment” is executed, then the
“condition” is tested again. When the “condition” becomes
false, the loop ends.
Example:
if (x > 120) digitalWrite(LEDpin, HIGH);
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 33
 “for” statement
Example “Dim an LED using a PWM pin”:

int PWMpin = 10; // LED in series with 1k resistor on pin 10

void setup()
{
initialization
// no setup needed
} condition

increment
void loop()
{
for (int i=0; i <= 255; i++)
{
analogWrite(PWMpin, i); statement
delay(10);
}
}
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 34
 “switch ... case”
switch...case controls the flow of programs by allowing
programmers to specify different code that should be executed in
various conditions.
When a case statement is found whose value matches that of the
variable, the code in that case statement is run.
Example:
switch (var)
{
case label:
// statements
break;
case label:
// statements
break;
default:
// statements
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov
} 35
 “while” loop
while loops will loop continuously, and infinitely, until the
expression inside the parenthesis, () becomes false. Something
must change the tested variable, or the while loop will never exit.
This could be in your code, such as an incremented variable, or
an external condition, such as testing a sensor.
while(someVariable ?? value)
{
doSomething;
}
Example:
const int button2Pin = 2;
buttonState = LOW;
while(buttonState == LOW)
{
buttonState = digitalRead(button2Pin);
}

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 36

 “do … while” loop
The “do” loop works in the same manner as the “while” loop,
with the exception that the condition is tested at the end of the
loop, so the “do” loop will always run at least once.
do
{
doSomething;
}
while (someVariable ?? value);

Example:
do
{
x = readSensor();
delay(10);
}
while (x < 100); // loops if x < 100

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 37

 Connection

“+” (long) lead of LED should

be connected to Pin #13.
The other (short) lead of the
LED goes to “Ground”

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 38

 Example 03a Red LED

/* Blink
Turns an LED ON and OFF repeatedly.
There is already an LED on the board connected to pin 13.
*/

int ledPin = 13; // LED connected to digital pin 13

void setup()
{
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // initialize the digital pin as an output
}

void loop()
{
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // set the LED on
delay(1000); // wait for a second
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // set the LED off
delay(1000); // wait for a second
}

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 39

 Example 03b Blinking LED
/* Blink
Turns an LED ON and OFF repeatedly.
There is already an LED on the board connected to pin 13.
*/

int ledPin = 13; // LED connected to digital pin 13

int ON = 100; // (ms) time for LED to be ON
int OFF = 100; // (ms) time for LED to be OFF

void setup()
{
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // initialize the digital pin as an output
}

void loop()
{
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // set the LED on
delay(ON); // wait for a second
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // set the LED off
delay(OFF); // wait for a second
}

Play with values of constants “ON” and “OFF”

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 40
 Example 03c Blinking LED
/* Blink without Delay
Turns on and off a light emitting diode(LED) connected to a digital pin, without using the
delay() function. This means that other code can run at the same time without being
interrupted by the LED code.
The circuit: LED attached from pin 13 to ground. */

const int ledPin = 13; // the number of the LED pin. Constants won't change.

int ledState = LOW; // ledState used to set the LED. Variables will change
long previousMillis = 0; // will store last time LED was updated. Variables will change
long interval = 1000; // interval at which to blink (milliseconds)

void setup() {
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // set the digital pin as output:
}

void loop()
{
// check to see if it's time to blink the LED; that is, is the difference between the
current time and last time we blinked the LED bigger than the interval at which we want to
blink the LED.
if (millis() - previousMillis > interval)
{
previousMillis = millis(); // save the last time you blinked the LED

if (ledState == LOW) ledState = HIGH;

else ledState = LOW;

digitalWrite(ledPin, ledState); // set the LED with the ledState of the variable
}
}

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 41

 Connection
3 LEDs connected from digital pins 9, 10, 11 to ground through
220 ohm resistors

LED

220 Ohm
220 Ohm

220 Ohm

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 42

 Example 04 3 LEDs
/* The circuit: 3 LEDs connected from digital pins 9,10,11 to ground through 220
ohm resistors. */

int led9Pin = 9; // LED 9 connected to digital pin 9

int led10Pin = 10; // LED 10 connected to digital pin 10
int led11Pin = 11; // LED 11 connected to digital pin 11
int ON = 1000; // (ms) time for LED to be ON
int OFF = 1000; // (ms) time for LED to be OFF

void setup() // initialize digital pins as an output:

{
pinMode(led9Pin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(led10Pin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(led11Pin, OUTPUT);
}

void loop()
{
digitalWrite(led9Pin, HIGH); // set the LED on
delay(ON); // wait for time “ON” (ms)
digitalWrite(led9Pin, LOW); // set the LED off
delay(OFF); // wait for time “OFF” (ms)

digitalWrite(led10Pin, HIGH); delay(ON); digitalWrite(led10Pin, LOW); delay(OFF);

digitalWrite(led11Pin, HIGH); delay(ON); digitalWrite(led11Pin, LOW); delay(OFF);

}

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 43

 Connection
LED on pin #13 is operated by a button on pin #2

15 KOhm
220 Ohm
Push
button

+5V

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 44

 Example 05 Button
/* LED on pin #13 is operated by a button on pin #2 */

const int led13Pin = 13;

const int button2Pin = 2;
int buttonState = 0; // variable for reading the pushbutton status

void setup()
{
pinMode(led13Pin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(button2Pin, INPUT);
}

void loop()
{
buttonState = digitalRead(button2Pin);

if (buttonState == HIGH)
{
digitalWrite(led13Pin, LOW);
}
else
{
digitalWrite(led13Pin, HIGH);
}
}

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 45

 Connection
Three LEDs on pins 9, 10, 11 are controlled by a button on pin 2

LED

15 KOhm
220 Ohm
220 Ohm

220 Ohm

220 Ohm
Push
button

+5V

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 46

 Example 06 Button
/* LEDs on pins 9,10,11 are controlled by a button on pin #2 */

const int led7Pin = 9; // LED 9 connected to digital pin 9

const int led10Pin = 10; // LED 10 connected to digital pin 10
const int led11Pin = 11; // LED 11 connected to digital pin 11
const int led13Pin = 13;
const int ON = 100; // (ms) time for LED to be ON
const int OFF = 10; // (ms) time for LED to be OFF
const int button2Pin = 2;
int buttonState = 0;

void setup()
{ // initialize digital pins
pinMode(led9Pin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(led10Pin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(led11Pin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(led13Pin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(button2Pin, INPUT);
}

void loop()
{
buttonState = digitalRead(button2Pin);
if (buttonState == HIGH)

{
digitalWrite(led13Pin, LOW);

digitalWrite(led9Pin, HIGH); // set the LED on

delay(ON); // wait for a second
digitalWrite(led9Pin, LOW); // set the LED off
delay(OFF); // wait for a second

digitalWrite(ed10Pin, HIGH); // set the LED on

delay(ON); // wait for a second
digitalWrite(ed10Pin, LOW); // set the LED off
delay(OFF); // wait for a second

digitalWrite(led11Pin, HIGH); // set the LED on

delay(ON); // wait for a second
digitalWrite(led11Pin, LOW); // set the LED off
delay(OFF); // wait for a second
}
else
{
digitalWrite(led13Pin, HIGH);
}
}

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 47

 analogWrite()

Writes an analog value (PWM wave) to a pin.

Can be used to light a LED at varying brightnesses or

drive a motor at various speeds.

After a call to analogWrite(), the pin will generate

a steady square wave of the specified duty cycle until the
next call to analogWrite() (or a call to
digitalRead() or digitalWrite() on the same
pin).

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 48

 analogWrite()
The frequency of the PWM signal is approximately 490
Hz.
On Arduino Duemilanove boards this function works on
pins 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11 (marked with “PWM”.)

analogWrite(pin, value)

Where:
pin: the pin to write to.
value: the duty cycle: between 0 (always off) and 255
(always on).
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 49
 Example 07a PWM. LED fading
/* Fading
This example shows how to fade an LED using the analogWrite() function.
The circuit: LED attached from digital pin 9 to ground.
*/

int ledPin = 9; // LED connected to digital pin 9

void setup()
{
// nothing happens in setup
}

void loop()
{
for(int fadeValue = 0 ; fadeValue <= 255; fadeValue++) // fade in from min to max in
increments
{
analogWrite(ledPin, fadeValue); // sets the value (range from 0 to 255)
delay(2); // wait for x milliseconds to see the dimming effect
}

for(int fadeValue = 255 ; fadeValue >= 0; fadeValue--) // fade out from max to min in
increments
{
analogWrite(ledPin, fadeValue); // sets the value (range from 0 to 255)
delay(2); // wait for x milliseconds to see the dimming effect
}
}

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 50

 Connection
LEDs on pins 9 is controlled by a potentiometer

LED

15 KOhm
220 Ohm
220 Ohm

220 Ohm

220 Ohm
Push
button

+5V

+5V

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 51

 Example 07b PWM. LED fading
/* LEDs on pins 9 is controlled by a potentiometer
Demonstrates one techinque for calibrating sensor input. The sensor readings during the first five seconds of the sketch execution define
the minimum and maximum of expected values attached to the sensor pin.
The sensor minumum and maximum initial values may seem backwards. Initially, you set the minimum high and listen for anything lower,
saving it as the new minumum. Likewise, you set the maximum low and listen for anything higher as the new maximum.
The circuit:
* Potentiometer (or analog sensor) is attached to analog input 0
* LED attached from digital pin 9 to ground
*/

const int sensorPin = 1; // pin that the sensor is attached to

const int ledPin = 9; // pin that the LED is attached to

int sensorValue = 0; // the sensor value

int sensorMin = 1023; // minimum sensor value
int sensorMax = 0; // maximum sensor value

void setup() { // turn on LED to signal the start of the calibration period:
pinMode(13, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(13, HIGH);

while (millis() < 5000) { // calibrate during the first five seconds
sensorValue = analogRead(sensorPin);

if (sensorValue > sensorMax) { // record the maximum sensor value

sensorMax = sensorValue;
}

if (sensorValue < sensorMin) { // record the minimum sensor value

sensorMin = sensorValue;
}
}

digitalWrite(13, LOW); // signal the end of the calibration period

}

void loop() {
sensorValue = analogRead(sensorPin); // read the sensor:
sensorValue = map(sensorValue, sensorMin, sensorMax, 0, 255); // apply the calibration to the sensor reading
sensorValue = constrain(sensorValue, 0, 255); // in case the sensor value is outside the range seen during calibration
analogWrite(ledPin, sensorValue); // fade the LED using the calibrated value:
}

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 52

 Connection
Ping Sensor is connected: +V is attached to +5V
PING
GND is attached to ground
SIG
SIG is attached to digital pin 4

GND

LED

15 KOhm
+5V

220 Ohm
220 Ohm

220 Ohm

220 Ohm
Push
button

+5V

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 53

 Example 08 PING sensor
/* Ping Sensor
This sketch reads a PING))) ultrasonic rangefinder and returns the
distance to the closest object in range. To do this, it sends a pulse
to the sensor to initiate a reading, then listens for a pulse
to return. The length of the returning pulse is proportional to
the distance of the object from the sensor.
The circuit:
* +V connection of the PING))) attached to +5V
* GND connection of the PING))) attached to ground
* SIG connection of the PING))) attached to digital pin 4
*/

const int pingPin = 4; // pin number of the sensor's output:

void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600); // initialize serial communication
}

void loop()
{
// establish variables for duration of the ping,
// and the distance result in inches and centimeters:
long duration, inches, cm;

// The PING is triggered by a HIGH pulse of 2 or more microseconds.

// Give a short LOW pulse beforehand to ensure a clean HIGH pulse:
pinMode(pingPin, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(pingPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(pingPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(5);
digitalWrite(pingPin, LOW);

// The same pin is used to read the signal from the PING))): a HIGH
// pulse whose duration is the time (in microseconds) from the sending
// of the ping to the reception of its echo off of an object.
pinMode(pingPin, INPUT);
duration = pulseIn(pingPin, HIGH); // Reads a pulse (either HIGH or LOW) on a pin.
Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 54
 Example 08 PING sensor
(continued)

// convert the time into a distance

inches = microsecondsToInches(duration);
cm = microsecondsToCentimeters(duration);

Serial.print(inches);
Serial.print("in, ");
Serial.print(cm);
Serial.print("cm");
Serial.println();

delay(100);
}

long microsecondsToInches(long microseconds)

{
// According to Parallax's datasheet for the PING))), there are
// 73.746 microseconds per inch (i.e. sound travels at 1130 feet per
// second). This gives the distance travelled by the ping, outbound
// and return, so we divide by 2 to get the distance of the obstacle.
// See: http://www.parallax.com/dl/docs/prod/acc/28015-PING-v1.3.pdf
return microseconds / 74 / 2;
}

long microsecondsToCentimeters(long microseconds)

{
// The speed of sound is 340 m/s or 29 microseconds per centimeter.
// The ping travels out and back, so to find the distance of the
// object we take half of the distance travelled.
return microseconds / 29 / 2;
}

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 55

 Connection
Temperature sensor LM35DZ

+5V

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 56

 Example 09 LM35DZ temperature sensor
// LM35DZ Temperature Sensor for Arduino.
// (cc) by Daniel Spillere Andrade , http://www.danielandrade.net

int pin = 0; // analog input pin

int tempc = 0,tempf=0; // temperature variables
int samples[8]; // variables to make a better precision
int maxi = -100,mini = 100; // to start max/min temperature
int i;

void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600); // start serial communication
}

void loop()
{
for(i = 0; i<=7; i++)
{ // gets 8 samples of temperature
samples[i] = ( 5.0 * analogRead(pin) * 100.0) / 1024.0;
tempc = tempc + samples[i];
delay(10);
}
tempc = tempc/8; // better precision
tempf = (tempc * 9)/ 5 + 32; // converts to fahrenheit
if(tempc > maxi) {maxi = tempc;} // set max temperature
if(tempc < mini) {mini = tempc;} // set min temperature
Serial.print(tempc,DEC);
Serial.print(" Celsius, ");
Serial.print(tempf,DEC);
Serial.print(" fahrenheit -> ");
Serial.print(maxi,DEC);
Serial.print(" Max, ");
Serial.print(mini,DEC);
Serial.println(" Min");
tempc = 0;
delay(1000); // delay before loop
}

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 57

 Connection
Sharp LM35DZ IR light detector and IR LED
Sharp
IS471FE

4 3 2 1

+5V

IR
LED

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 58

 Example 10 Sharp IS471FE IR sensor

/* Sharp LM35DZ IR light detector with built-in signal processing sircuit for light modulation
Circuit:
Leg 1 is connected to Vcc (+5V)
Leg 2 is connected to digital pin 6
Leg 3 is connected to ground
Leg 4 is connected to negative terminal of IR LED
Positive terminal of IR LED is connected to Vcc (+5V)
*/

const int IR_SENSOR_PIN = 6;

const int ledPin = 13;
int IR_SENSOR_STATE = 0;

void setup()
{
pinMode(IR_SENSOR_PIN, INPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop()
{
IR_SENSOR_STATE = digitalRead(IR_SENSOR_PIN);

if (IR_SENSOR_STATE == LOW)
{
Serial.println("No object");
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
}
else
{
Serial.println("Object detected");
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
}
delay(100);
}

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 59

 Pseudo Code

• Start of program
• Measure temperature
- Is temperature < 100 F ?
• Yes, Turn on heat
- Is temperature > 102 F ?
• Yes, Turn on cooling fan
• Go back to start.

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 60

 Flow Chart
Start

Measure
Temperature

Temp. Yes Energize

< 100 Heater

No

Temp. Yes
Energize
> 102 Fan

No

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 61

 Sequential Flow Example
Pseudo-Code: Flowchart:
Start of program Start

Turn OFF LED1

 Turn off LED 1

Turn OFF LED2
Turn off LED 2
 Pause for 2 seconds 2 Second Pause

 Light LED 1 Turn ON LED1

 Pause for 2 seconds 2 Second Pause

 Light LED 2 Turn ON LED2

 End of program End

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 62

 Looping Flow Example
Pseudo-Code: Flowchart:
Start of program Start

Turn OFF LED1

 Turn off LED 1
Turn OFF LED2
 Turn off LED 2

 Pause for 2 seconds 2 Second Pause

 Light LED 1 Turn ON LED1

 Pause for 2 seconds 2 Second Pause

 Light LED 2 Turn ON LED2

 Go back to start

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 63

 “IF-THEN” Example: Alarm
This program will sound the alarm as long as pushbutton 1 is pressed.

Pseudo-Code Flowchart

Start: Main

Is button 1 pressed?
• Yes, Go sound Alarm
False True
• No, Go back to start Button 1
Pressed

Alarm: Speaker

• Sound speaker
2000Hz for
1 second

• Go back to start of program

Main

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 64

 References

1. http://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/HomePage
2. http://www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/HomePage
3. http://www.ladyada.net/learn/arduino/index.html -- an introduction to programming,
input / output, communication, etc. using Arduino
4. http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/HomePage -- Programming Language Reference
5. http://todbot.com/blog/spookyarduino/
6. http://dma.ucla.edu/senselab/topics/tags/arduino
7. http://www.freeduino.org/
8. http://www.arduino.cc/cgi-bin/yabb2/YaBB.pl -- Arduino forum

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 65

 Connection

PING

LED

15 KOhm
SIG

220 Ohm
220 Ohm

220 Ohm
GND

220 Ohm
Push
button
+5V

+5V

Instructor: Dr. Yu.Vlasov 66