Cloud Computing

Introduction to Cloud Computing

 Agenda
• What is Cloud Computing ?
 Different perspectives
 Properties and characteristics
 Benefits from cloud computing

• Service and deployment models

 Three service models
 Four deployment models
Properties and characteristics

WHAT IS CLOUD COMPUTING ?

 Cloud Disclaimers
• Talk from Oracle CEO Larry Ellison
 We’ve redefined Cloud Computing to include everything that we
already do. I don’t understand what we would do differently other
than change the wording of some of our ads.
• Talk from Rich Stallman
 It's stupidity. It's worse than stupidity: it's a marketing hype
campaign. Somebody is saying this is inevitable – and whenever
you hear somebody saying that, it's very likely to be a set of
businesses campaigning to make it true.
 In Our Humble Opinion
• Cloud computing is a paradigm of computing, a new way of
thinking about IT industry but not any specific technology.
 Central ideas
• Utility Computing
• SOA - Service Oriented Architecture
• SLA - Service Level Agreement
 Properties and characteristics
• High scalability and elasticity
• High availability and reliability
• High manageability and interoperability
• High accessibility and portability
• High performance and optimization
 Enabling techniques
• Hardware virtualization
• Parallelized and distributed computing
• Web service
Properties and Characteristics
 Utility
Computing
SOA + SLA
Central Ideas
 Utility
Computing
SOA + SLA
Central Ideas
• Perspective from user :
 Users do not care about how the works are done
• Instead, they only concern about what they can get
 Users do not care about what the provider actually did
• Instead, they only concern about their quality of service
 Users do not want to own the physical infrastructure
• Instead, they only want to pay as many as they used

• What dose user really care ?

 They only care about their “Service”
 Utility
Computing
SOA + SLA
Utility Computing

• One service provisioning model

 Service provider makes computing resources
and infrastructure management available to
the customer as needed, and charges them for
specific usage rather than a flat rate.
 Like other types of on-demand computing , the
utility model seeks to maximize the efficient
use of resources and/or minimize associated
costs.
 Utility
Computing
SOA + SLA
What Is Service?
• Service is what you connect together using Web Services.
• Service is the endpoint of a connection.
• Functionalities of service :
 A service should be well-defined
 A service should be self-contained
 A service should not depend on the context or state of other services.
 Utility
Computing
SOA + SLA
What Is Web Service?
• Definition :
 Web service is self-describing and stateless modules that perform
discrete units of work and are available over the network
 Web service providers offer APIs that enable developers to exploit
functionality over the Internet, rather than delivering full-blown
applications

• Web Services Description Language (WSDL) :

 Expressed in XML which include both data type and messages
 Four types of operations :
• One-way - Messages sent without a reply required
• Request & response - Sending and replying messages
• Solicit response - A request for a response
• Notification - Messages sent to multiple receivers
 Utility
Computing
SOA + SLA
Service Oriented Architecture
• Definition
 Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) is essentially a collection of
services which communicate with each other
 Contain a flexible set of design principles used during the phases of
systems development and integration
 Provide a loosely-integrated suite of services that can be used within
multiple business domains
• Approach
 Usually implemented by Web Service model
 Utility
Computing
SOA + SLA
Quality Of Service
• Original definition
 Quality of Service (QoS) is a set of technologies for managing
network traffic in a cost effective manner to enhance user
experiences for home and enterprise environments.

• Now QoS becomes to a broad term

that is used following areas :
 Customer care evaluations
 Technological evaluations
 Utility
Computing
SOA + SLA
Quality Of Service
• Customer care evaluations
 QoS is usually measured in terms of issues that have a direct
impact on the experience of the customer
 Only issues that produce a negative effect on the goods and
services received by the customer come under scrutiny

• Technological evaluations
 QoS has to do with the efficient operation of various systems
 This can lead to adjusting procedures or adapting software
programs and code to achieve the desired effect while making a
more efficient use of available resources
 Utility
Computing
SOA + SLA
Service Level Agreement
• Definition
 A service-level agreement (SLA) is a contract between a network
service provider and a customer that specifies, usually in
measurable terms (QoS), what services the network service
provider will furnish

• Common content in contract

 Performance guarantee metrics
• Up-time and down-time ratio
• System throughput
• Response time
 Problem management detail
 Penalties for non-performance
 Documented security capabilities
Scalability & Elasticity
 Scalability & Elasticity
• What is scalability ?
 A desirable property of a system, a network, or a process, which
indicates its ability to either handle growing amounts of work in a
graceful manner or to be readily enlarged.

• What is elasticity ?
 The ability to apply a quantifiable methodology that allows for the
basis of an adaptive introspection with in a real time infrastructure.

• But how to achieve these properties ?

 Dynamic provisioning
 Multi-tenant design
 Multi-tenant Design
• What is multi-tenant design ?
 Multi-tenant refers to a principle in software architecture where a
single instance of the software runs on a server, serving multiple
client organizations.
 With a multi-tenant architecture, a software application is designed
to virtually partition its data and configuration thus each client
organization works with a customized virtual application instance.

• Client oriented requirements :

 Customization
• Multi-tenant applications are typically required to provide a high degree
of customization to support each target organization's needs.
 Quality of service
• Multi-tenant applications are expected to provide adequate levels of
security and robustness.
Availability & Reliability
 Availability & Reliability
• What is availability ?
 The degree to which a system, subsystem, or equipment is in a
specified operable and committable state at the start of a mission,
when the mission is called for at an unknown time.
 Cloud system usually require high availability
• Ex. “Five Nines” system would statistically provide 99.999% availability
• What is reliability ?
 The ability of a system or component to perform its required
functions under stated conditions for a specified period of time.
• But how to achieve these properties ?
 Fault tolerance system
 Require system resilience
 Reliable system security
 Fault Tolerance
• What is fault tolerant system ?
 Fault-tolerance is the property that enables a system to continue
operating properly in the event of the failure of some of its
components.
 If its operating quality decreases at all, the decrease is proportional
to the severity of the failure, as compared to a naively-designed
system in which even a small failure can cause total breakdown.

• Four basic characteristics :

 No single point of failure
 Fault detection and isolation to the failing component
 Fault containment to prevent propagation of the failure
 Availability of reversion modes
 System Security
• Security issue in Cloud Computing :
 Cloud security is an evolving sub-domain of computer security,
network security, and, more broadly, information security.
 It refers to a broad set of policies, technologies, and controls
deployed to protect data, applications, and the associated
infrastructure of cloud computing.
 System Security
• Important security and privacy issues :
 Data Protection
• To be considered protected, data from one customer must be
properly segregated from that of another.
 Identity Management
• Every enterprise will have its own identity management system
to control access to information and computing resources.
 Application Security
• Cloud providers should ensure that applications available as a
service via the cloud are secure.
 Privacy
• Providers ensure that all critical data are masked and that only
authorized users have access to data in its entirety.
Manageability & Interoperability
 Manageability & Interoperability

• What is manageability ?
 Enterprise-wide administration of cloud computing systems.
Systems manageability is strongly influenced by network
management initiatives in telecommunications.
• What is interoperability ?
 Interoperability is a property of a product or system, whose
interfaces are completely understood, to work with other products
or systems, present or future, without any restricted access or
implementation.
• But how to achieve these properties ?
 System control automation
 System state monitoring
 Control Automation

• Four functional areas :

 Self-Configuration
• Automatic configuration of components.
 Self-Healing
• Automatic discovery, and correction of faults.
 Self-Optimization
• Automatic monitoring and control of resources to ensure the optimal
functioning with respect to the defined requirements.
 Self-Protection
• Proactive identification and protection from arbitrary attacks.
 System Monitoring

• What is system monitor ?

 A System Monitor in systems engineering is a process within a
distributed system for collecting and storing state data.

• What should be monitored in the Cloud ?

 Physical and virtual hardware state
 Resource performance metrics
 Network access patterns
 System logs
 … etc

• Anything more ?
 Billing system
 Billing System

• Billing System in Cloud

 Users pay as many as they used.
 Cloud provider must first determine the list of service usage price.
 Cloud provider have to record the resource or service usage of each
user, and then charge users by these records.
• How can cloud provider know users’ usage ?
 Get those information by means of monitoring system.
 Automatically calculate the total
amount of money which user
should pay. And automatically
request money from use’s banking
account.
Performance & Optimization
 Performance & Optimization
• Performance guarantees ??
 As the great computing power in cloud, application performance
should be guaranteed.
 Cloud providers make use of powerful infrastructure or other
underlining resources to build up a highly performed and highly
optimized environment, and then deliver the complete services to
cloud users.

• But how to achieve this property ?

 Parallel computing
 Load balancing
 Job scheduling
 Parallel Processing
• Parallel Processing
 Parallel processing is a form of computation in which many
calculations are carried out simultaneously, operating on the
principle that large problems can often be divided into smaller
ones, which are then solved concurrently.

• Parallelism in different levels :

 Bit level parallelism
 Instruction level parallelism
 Data level parallelism
 Task level parallelism
 Parallel Processing
• Hardware approaches
 Multi-core computer
 Symmetric multi-processor
 General purpose graphic processing unit
 Vector processor
 Distributed computing
• Cluster computing
• Grid computing
• Software approaches
 Parallel programming language
 Automatic parallelization
 Load Balancing
• What is load balancing ?
 Load balancing is a technique to distribute workload evenly across
two or more computers, network links, CPUs, hard drives, or other
resources, in order to get optimal resource utilization, maximize
throughput, minimize response time, and avoid overload.

• Why should be load balanced ?

 Improve resource utilization
 Improve system performance
 Improve energy efficiency
 Job Scheduling
• What is job scheduler ?
 A job scheduler is a software application that is in charge of
unattended background executions, commonly known for historical
reasons as batch processing.

• What should be scheduled in Cloud ?

 Computation intensive tasks
 Dynamic growing and shrinking tasks
 Tasks with complex processing dependency

• How to approach ?
 Use pre-defined workflow
 System automatic configuration
Accessibility & Portability
 Accessibility & Portability
• What is accessibility ?
 Accessibility is a general term used to describe the degree to which
a product, device, service, or environment is accessible by as many
people as possible.

• What is service portability ?

 Service portability is the ability to access services using any
devices, anywhere, continuously with mobility support and
dynamic adaptation to resource variations.

• But how to achieve these properties ?

 Uniform access
 Thin client
 Uniform Access
• How do users access cloud services ?
 Cloud provider should provide their cloud service by means of
widespread accessing media. In other word, users from different
operating systems or other accessing platforms should be able to
directly be served.
 Nowadays, web browser technique is one of the most widespread
platform in almost any intelligent electronic devices. Cloud service
take this into concern, and delivery their services with web-based
interface through the Internet.
 Thin Client
• What is thin client ?
 Thin client is a computer or a computer program which depends
heavily on some other computer to fulfill its traditional computational
roles. This stands in contrast to the traditional fat client, a computer
designed to take on these roles by itself.
• Characteristics :
 Cheap client hardware
• While the cloud providers handle several client sessions at once, the clients
can be made out of much cheaper hardware.
 Diversity of end devices
• End user can access cloud service via plenty of various electronic devices,
which include mobile phones and smart TV.
 Client simplicity
• Client local system do not need complete operational functionalities.
What can we gain from cloud ?

WHAT IS CLOUD COMPUTING ?

 Benefits From Cloud
• Cloud computing brings many benefits :
 For the market and enterprises
• Reduce initial investment
• Reduce capital expenditure
• Improve industrial specialization
• Improve resource utilization
 For the end user and individuals
• Reduce local computing power
• Reduce local storage power
• Variety of thin client devices in daily life
 Reduce Local Computing Power
• Traditional local computing power requirement :
 One need to buy your own personal computer
 Buy powerful processor if you need intensive computing
 Buy large memory to meet application requirement
 Install plenty of applications in need

• Some drawbacks :
 One can hardly replicate the same system environment
 One needs to regularly update or upgrade software and hardware
 One needs to reinstall all applications if you reinstall the OS
 Reduce Local Computing Power
• Using Cloud Computing services :
 One can utilize the remote computing power in the cloud
 One needs only basic computing power to connect to internet
 Application in the cloud will automatically upgrade

• Some benefits :
 One can access his/her applications anywhere through the Internet
 One can dynamically request for computing power on demand
 Application may need not to be reinstalled even reinstall the OS
 Reduce Local Computing Power
• What dose cloud computing achieve ?
Traditional With Cloud Computing
Hardware User needs to buy Only basic hardware to
Requirement powerful hardware connect to internet
Software Install application in No local installation
Requirement local computer requirement
Portability Hard to be portable Natively portable
 Variety of End Devices
• Traditional computing resource :
 One can connect to the Internet by personal computer
 Only personal computer can deliver reasonable computing power
 Small devices cannot perform incentive computation due to their
power and hardware limitation

• Some drawbacks :
 Computing power is not portable
 Small devices can only perform simplified works
 Variety of End Devices
• Devices collaborate with Cloud services :
 Device connects to the Internet through wireless network
 Device accesses cloud services through web service interface
 Device sends computing incentive jobs into cloud and wait for results

• Some benefits :
 User can easily access cloud service through small devices
 User can access almost unlimited computing power anywhere
 Small devices can be intelligently managed through cloud
 Variety of End Devices
• What dose cloud computing achieve ?
Traditional With Cloud Computing
Computing Only accessed through Accessed through small
Power desktop computer smart devices
Functionalities was Shift computing incentive
Small Device
limited due to their jobs into cloud, and then
Intelligence
power consumption wait for results
What is Virtualization??
 Definition
• Virtualization is the ability to run multiple operating
systems on a single physical system and share the
underlying hardware resources*
• It is the process by which one computer hosts the
appearance of many computers.
• Virtualization is used to improve IT throughput and costs
by using physical resources as a pool from which virtual
resources can be allocated.

*VMWare white paper, Virtualization Overview

 Virtualization Architecture
• A Virtual machine (VM) is an isolated runtime
environment (guest OS and applications)
•Multiple virtual systems (VMs) can run on a single
physical system
 Hypervisor
• A hypervisor, a.k.a. a virtual machine manager/monitor
(VMM), or virtualization manager, is a program that allows
multiple operating systems to share a single hardware
host.
• Each guest operating system appears to have the host's
processor, memory, and other resources all to itself.
However, the hypervisor is actually controlling the host
processor and resources, allocating what is needed to each
operating system in turn and making sure that the guest
operating systems (called virtual machines) cannot disrupt
each other.
 Benefits of Virtualization
• Sharing of resources helps cost reduction
• Isolation: Virtual machines are isolated from each other as
if they are physically separated
• Encapsulation: Virtual machines encapsulate a complete
computing environment
• Hardware Independence: Virtual machines run
independently of underlying hardware
• Portability: Virtual machines can be migrated between
different hosts.
 Virtualization in Cloud Computing
Cloud computing takes virtualization one step further:
• You don’t need to own the hardware
• Resources are rented as needed from a cloud
• Various providers allow creating virtual servers:
 Choose the OS and software each instance will have
 The chosen OS will run on a large server farm
 Can instantiate more virtual servers or shut down existing ones
within minutes
• You get billed only for what you used
 Cloud Computing Agenda
• What is Cloud Computing ?
 Different perspectives
 Properties and characteristics
 Benefits from cloud computing

• Service and deployment models

 Three service models
 Four deployment models
Choose the service you need.

SERVICE MODELS
 Service Models Overview
• What if you want to have an IT department ?
 Similar to build a new house in previous analogy
• You can rent some virtualized infrastructure and build up your own IT
system among those resources, which may be fully controlled.
• Technical speaking, use the Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) solution.
 Similar to buy an empty house in previous analogy
• You can directly develop your IT system through one cloud platform,
and do not care about any lower level resource management.
• Technical speaking, use the Platform as a Service (PaaS) solution.
 Similar to live in a hotel in previous analogy
• You can directly use some existed IT system solutions, which were
provided by some cloud application service provider, without knowing
any detail technique about how these service was achieved.
• Technical speaking, use the Software as a Service (SaaS) solution.
Service Model Overview
Infrastructure as a Service
Platform as a Service
Software as a Service

SERVICE MODELS
 Infrastructure as a Service
• Infrastructure as a Service - IaaS
 The capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing,
storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources
where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software,
which can include operating systems and applications.
 The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud
infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage,
deployed applications, and possibly limited control of select
networking components .
• Examples :
 Amazon EC2
 Eucalyputs
 OpenNebula
 … etc
 Infrastructure as a Service
• System architecture :
 Infrastructure as a Service
• Enabling technique - Virtualization
 Virtualization is an abstraction of logical resources away from
underlying physical resources.
• Virtualization technique shift OS onto hypervisor.
• Multiple OS share the physical hardware and provide different services.
• Improve utilization, availability, security and convenience.

VM1 VM2 VM3

 Infrastructure as a Service

• Properties supported by virtualization technique :

 Manageability and Interoperability
 Availability and Reliability
 Scalability and Elasticity
 Infrastructure as a Service
• Provide service –Resource Management Interface
 Several types of virtualized resource :
• Virtual Machine – As an IaaS provider, we should be able to provide the
basic virtual machine operations, such as creation, suspension, resumption
and termination, …etc.
• Virtual Storage – As an IaaS provider, we should be able to provide the
basic virtual storage operations, such as space allocation, space release,
data writing and data reading, …etc.
• Virtual Network – As an IaaS provider, we should be able to provide the
basic virtual network operations, such as IP address allocation, domain
name register, connection establishment and bandwidth provision, …etc.
 Infrastructure as a Service
• Provide service – System Monitoring Interface
 Several types of monitoring metrics :
• Virtual Machine – As an IaaS provider, we should be able to monitor
some system states of each virtual machine, such as CPU loading, memory
utilization, IO loading and internal network loading, …etc.
• Virtual Storage – As an IaaS provider, we should be able to monitor some
storage states of each virtual storage, such as virtual space utilization,
data duplication and storage device access bandwidth, …etc.
• Virtual Network – As an IaaS provider, we should be able to monitor
some network states of each virtual network, such as virtual network
bandwidth, network connectivity and network load balancing, …etc.
 IaaS - Summary
• IaaS is the deployment platform that abstract the infrastructure.

• IaaS enabling technique

 Virtualization
• Server Virtualization
• Storage Virtualization
• Network Virtualization

• IaaS provided services

 Resource Management Interface
 System Monitoring Interface
Infrastructure as a Service
Platform as a Service
Software as a Service

SERVICE MODELS
 Platform as a Service
• Platform as a Service - PaaS
 The capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud
infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created
using programming languages and tools supported by the provider.
 The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud
infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, or
storage, but has control over the deployed applications and
possibly application hosting environment configurations.
• Examples :
 Microsoft Windows Azure
 Google App Engine
 Hadoop
 … etc
 Platform as a Service
• System architecture :
 Platform as a Service
• Enabling technique – Runtime Environment Design
 Runtime environment refers to collection of software services
available. Usually implemented by a collection of program libraries.
• Common properties in Runtime Environment :
 Manageability and Interoperability
 Performance and Optimization
 Availability and Reliability
 Scalability and Elasticity
 PaaS - Summary
• PaaS is the development platform that abstract the infrastructure,
OS, and middleware to drive developer productivity.

• PaaS enabling technique

 Runtime Environment

• PaaS provide services

 Programming IDE
• Programming APIs
• Development tools
 System Control Interface
• Policy based approach
• Workflow based approach
Infrastructure as a Service
Platform as a Service
Software as a Service

SERVICE MODELS
 Software as a Service
• Software as a Service - SaaS
 The capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider’s
applications running on a cloud infrastructure. The applications are
accessible from various client devices through a thin client
interface such as a web browser (e.g., web-based email).
 The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud
infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems,
storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the
possible exception of limited user-specific application
configuration settings.
• Examples :
 Google Apps (e.g., Gmail, Google Docs, Google sites, …etc)
 SalesForce.com
 EyeOS
 … etc
Software as a Service
 Software as a Service
• Enabling Technique – Web Service
 Web 2.0 is the trend of using the full potential of the web
• Viewing the Internet as a computing platform
• Running interactive applications through a web browser
• Leveraging interconnectivity and mobility of devices
• Enhanced effectiveness with greater human participation
• Properties provided by Internet :
 Accessibility and Portability
 Software as a Service
• Provide service – Web-based Applications
 Conventional applications should translate their access interface
onto web-based platform.
 Applications in different domains
• General Applications – Applications which are designed for general
propose, such as office suit, multimedia and instant message, …etc.
• Business Applications – Application which are designed for business
propose, such as ERP, CRM and market trading system, …etc.
• Scientific Applications – Application which are designed for scientific
propose, such as aerospace simulation and biochemistry simulation, …etc.
• Government Applications – Applications which are designed for
government propose, such as national medical system and public
transportation system service, …etc.
 SaaS - Summary
• SaaS is the finished applications that you rent and customize.

• SaaS enabling technique

 Web Service

• SaaS provide services

 Web-based Applications
• General applications
• Business applications
• Scientific applications
• Government applications
 Web Portal
How to deploy a cloud system ?

DEPLOYMENT MODELS
 Deployment Model
• There are four primary cloud deployment models :
 Public Cloud
 Private Cloud
 Community Cloud
 Hybrid Cloud

• Each can exhibit the previously discussed characteristics;

their differences lie primarily in the scope and access of
published cloud services, as they are made available to
service consumers.
 Public Cloud
• Public cloud definition
 The cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public or a
large industry group and is owned by an organization selling cloud
services.
 Also known as external cloud or multi-tenant cloud, this model
essentially represents a cloud environment that is openly accessible.
 Basic characteristics :
• Homogeneous infrastructure
• Common policies
• Shared resources and multi-tenant
• Leased or rented infrastructure
• Economies of scale
 Private Cloud
• Private cloud definition
 The cloud infrastructure is operated solely for an organization. It
may be managed by the organization or a third party and may exist
on premise or off premise.
 Also referred to as internal cloud or on-premise cloud, a private
cloud intentionally limits access to its resources to service
consumers that belong to the same organization that owns the
cloud.
 Basic characteristics :
• Heterogeneous infrastructure
• Customized and tailored policies
• Dedicated resources
• In-house infrastructure
• End-to-end control
 Public vs. Private
• Comparison :

Public Cloud Private Cloud

Infrastructure Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Policy Model Common defined Customized & Tailored
Resource Model Shared & Multi-tenant Dedicated
Cost Model Operational expenditure Capital expenditure
Economy Model Large economy of scale End-to-end control
 Community Cloud
• Community cloud definition
 The cloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations and
supports a specific community that has shared concerns (e.g.,
mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance
considerations).
 Hybrid Cloud
• Hybrid cloud definition
 The cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more clouds
(private, community, or public) that remain unique entities but are
bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that
enables data and application
portability (e.g., cloud bursting
for load-balancing between
clouds).
Cloud Ecosystem
 Summary
• What is cloud computing in your mind
 Clear or Cloudy?

• Cloud computing is a new paradigm shift of computing

• Cloud computing can provide high quality of properties
and characteristics based on essentially central ideas

• Service models and deployment models provide services

that can be used to
 Rent fundamental computing resources
 Deploy and develop customer-created applications on clouds
 Access provider’s applications over network (wired or wireless)
 References
• NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology).
http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/SNS/cloud-computing/
• M. Armbrust et. al., “Above the Clouds: A Berkeley View of Cloud
Computing,” Technical Report No. UCB/EECS-2009-28,
University of California at Berkeley, 2009.
• R. Buyya et. al., “Cloud computing and emerging IT platforms:
Vision, hype, and reality for delivering computing as the 5th
utility,” Future Generation Computer Systems, 2009.
• Cloud Computing Use Cases.
http://groups.google.com/group/cloud-computing-use-cases
• Cloud Computing Explained.
http://www.andyharjanto.com/2009/11/wanted-cloud-
computing-explained-in.html
• From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
• All resources of the materials and pictures were partially
retrieved from the Internet.