Presented by Katie Ceglia
SUBNETTING
Overview
What is a subnet?
Advantages
Disadvantages
Where is it used?
Subnetting your network
Definition
Subnetwork, or subnet, is a logically visible,
distinctly addressed part of a single Internet
Protocol network.
Subnetting is the division of a computer
network into groups of computers that have a
common, designated IP address routing
prefix.
-Wikipedia
Advantages
Allows a single shared network address to split it up
into many smaller networks.
Without subnets, organizations would require many
network addresses
Limited number of Network addresses available
Alleviates traffic
Smaller routing tables
Alleviates excessive packet collision and congestion
Easier to manage and solve problems
Better Security
Separating departments with highly sensitive material
Accounting and Administration
Disadvantages
Doesn’t allocate IP address proportionately
per subnet
Limited by the number of IP address
Need to buy hardware such as routers
Subnet Applications
Anywhere a large group of computers are
located.
IP Addressing Classes
Class A - 0nnnnnnn.hhhhhhhh.hhhhhhhh.hhhhhhhh
Initial byte = 0-127 (7 bits)
1.0.0.0 – 127.255.255.255
Class B - 10nnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.hhhhhhhh.hhhhhhhh
Initial byte = 128-191 (14 bits)
128.0.0.0 – 191.255.255.255
Class C - 100nnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.hhhhhhhh
Initial byte = 192-223 (21 bits)
192.0.0.0 – 223.255.255.255
n = network address h = host address
Subnetting Your Network
Every IP address has a Subnet Mask.
172.16.25.2 255.255.0.0
Classless Interdomain Routing(CIDR)
172.16.25.2 /16
Subnet Mask
Determines the way an IP address is split into
network and hosts portions
Class A - 0nnnnnnn.hhhhhhhh.hhhhhhhh.hhhhhhhh
Subnet Mask = 255.0.0.0 IP Address /8
Class B - 10nnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.hhhhhhhh.hhhhhhhh
Subnet Mask = 255.255.0.0 IP Address /16
Class C - 100nnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.hhhhhhhh
Subnet Mask = 255.255.255.0 IP Address /24
SubNetted Networks
The network portion of the address
is extended by splitting up the host
number
Borrowing 1 or more bits from the
host bit portion
Example:
Dividing a network into 2 subnets requires to borrow 1 bit
Class C:
11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000(255.255.255.128)
CIDR IP address /25
This would allow 126 hosts per subnet
All 1’s are reserved for broadcast ID
All 0’s are reserved for network ID
Class C Subnetting
# of Subnets # of NetMask 4th Octet CIDR Notation
Hosts/Subnet
2 126 255.255.255.128 10000000 /25
4 62 255.255.255.192 11000000 /26
8 30 255.255.255.224 11100000 /27
16 14 255.255.255.240 11110000 /28
32 6 255.255.255.248 11111000 /29
64 2 255.255.255.252 11111100 /30
Network, Broadcast and IP Address Range
Configuration
Netmask Subnets Network B'cast MinIP MaxIP Hosts Total Hosts
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
128 2 0 127 1 126 126
128 255 129 254 126 252
192 4 0 63 1 62 62
64 127 65 126 62
128 191 129 190 62
192 255 193 254 62 248
224 8 0 31 1 30 30
32 63 33 62 30
64 95 65 94 30
96 127 97 126 30
128 159 129 158 30
160 191 161 190 30
192 223 193 222 30
224 255 225 254 30 240
192.168.5.130 /24
Subnet mask = 255.255.255.0
192.168.5.0 = Network ID
4 Subnets = 62 hosts/subnet
Borrow 2 bits from host byte
Subnet Mask = 255.255.255.192
= /26
Subnet A -> 192.168.5.1/26
to 192.168.5.62/26
Subnet B -> 192.168.5.65/26
to 192.168.5.126/26
Subnet C -> 192.168.5.129/26
to 192.168.5.190/26
Subnet D -> 192.168.5.193/26
to 192.168.5.254/26
Questions
References
Wikipedia (website). Received from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subnetwork.
Becker, Ralph. IP Address Subnetting Tutorial (website). Retrieved from
http://www.ralphb.net/ipsubnet/index.html.
Network and Security. Calculate Subnet Mask (website). Retrieved from
http://www.computer-network.net/calculate-subnet-mask.
The Linux Documentation Project (website). Retrieved from
http://tldp.org/HOWTO/archived/IP-Subnetworking/IP-Subnetworking-6.html.
