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Knowledge Based Expert Systems

A knowledge based system (KBS) uses artificial intelligence to solve problems that normally require human expertise within a specialized domain. A KBS captures knowledge from human experts in a knowledge base and uses that knowledge along with inference engines to derive answers and explanations. Key components of a KBS include the knowledge base containing facts and rules, the inference engine that reasons over the knowledge, and a user interface. Knowledge engineers work with domain experts to develop KBS by translating domain knowledge into a computer-usable form and designing the reasoning structure. While KBS increase the availability of expert knowledge efficiently, they also have limitations such as being restricted to their knowledge bases and domains of expertise.

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suhani pandey
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564 views

Knowledge Based Expert Systems

A knowledge based system (KBS) uses artificial intelligence to solve problems that normally require human expertise within a specialized domain. A KBS captures knowledge from human experts in a knowledge base and uses that knowledge along with inference engines to derive answers and explanations. Key components of a KBS include the knowledge base containing facts and rules, the inference engine that reasons over the knowledge, and a user interface. Knowledge engineers work with domain experts to develop KBS by translating domain knowledge into a computer-usable form and designing the reasoning structure. While KBS increase the availability of expert knowledge efficiently, they also have limitations such as being restricted to their knowledge bases and domains of expertise.

Uploaded by

suhani pandey
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Knowledge based

Expert Systems
SUHANI PANDEY
FINAL YEAR (ELECTRICAL)
OPEN ELECTIVE (ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE)
What Is A Knowledge Based
System?
 A Knowledge Based System or a KBS is a computer program that
uses artificial intelligence to solve problems within a specialized
domain that ordinarily requires human expertise.
 An expert system deals with ill-structured problems with
expert-level performance.
 Knowledge-based system is a more general than the expert system.
 Typical tasks for expert systems involve classification, diagnosis,
monitoring, design, scheduling, and planning for specialized tasks.
How does it work?

 Problem-solving power does not lie with smart reasoning techniques


nor clever search algorithms but domain dependent real-world
knowledge.
 Real-world problems do not have well-defined solutions
 KBS allow this knowledge to be represented and creates an
explained solution.
 A KBS draws upon the knowledge of human experts captured in a
knowledge-base to solve problems that normally require human
expertise.
 Uses Heuristic (cause-and-effect) rather than algorithms KBS as real
world problem solvers
Heuristics
Rules

Relationship Facts

Hypothesis
Knowledge Processes
Base

Event
Attributes
Defination

Objects
History
In the 1960s general purpose programs were developed for solving the classes of
problems but this strategy produced no breakthroughs. In the next decade AI
scientists developed computer programs that could in some sense think.
The first knowledge-based systems were rule based expert systems.
Representing knowledge explicitly via rules had several advantages:
 Acquisition and maintenance- Using rules meant that domain
experts could often define and maintain the rules themselves rather
than via a programmer.
 Explanation: Representing knowledge explicitly allowed systems to
reason about how they came to a conclusion and use this information
to explain results to users. For example, to follow the chain of
inferences that led to a diagnosis and use these facts to explain the
diagnosis.
 Reasoning: Decoupling the knowledge from the processing of that
knowledge enabled general purpose inference engines to be developed.
These systems could develop conclusions that followed from a data set
that the initial developers may not have even been aware of.
History Cont.

 As knowledge-based systems became more complex the


techniques used to represent the knowledge base became more
sophisticated.

 Rather than representing facts as assertions about data, the


knowledge base became more structured, representing information
using similar techniques to object-oriented programming such as
hierarchies of classes and subclasses, relations between classes, and
behaviour of objects.

 As the knowledge base became more structured reasoning could


occur both by independent rules and by interactions within the
knowledge base itself.
Knowledge base (facts)
Components
Of A KBS Inference Engine

User Interface
Knowledge Based

 Knowledge is represented in the form


of rules using IF ELSE.
These IF ELSE rules is used to form
chains of knowledge.
There are 2 types:
• Forward chaining(fact driven)
• Backward chaining(goal driven)
Inference Engine

 It derives answers from the knowledge base.


 This is the brain of the expert system that provides a methodology
for reasoning about the information in the knowledge base, and
for formulating conclusions.
User Interface

 The component of an expert system that contains the system’s


knowledge organized in collection of facts about the system’s
domain.

 The user interface is used by the user to communicate with the


knowledge base.
Knowledge engineer and Domain
expert

 Knowledge engineer:
A knowledge engineer is a computer scientist who knows how to design and implement
programs that incorporate artificial intelligence techniques.
 Domain Expert:
A domain expert is an individual who has significant expertise in the domain of the
expert system being developed.
How is a problem determined?
(Developing a KBS)
 Knowledge engineer and domain expert work together closely to
describe the problem.
 The engineer then translates the knowledge into a computer-
usable language, and designs an inference engine, a reasoning
structure, that uses the knowledge appropriately.
 He also determines how to integrate the use of uncertain
knowledge in the reasoning process, and what kinds of explanation
would be useful to the end user.
Pros & Cons Of KBS

Increase available of  Lack of common


expert knowledge. sense
 Inflexible, difficult to
Efficient and cost modify
effective.  Restricted domain of
expertise limited to KB
 Consistency of answers  Not always reliable
 Explanation of solution
 Deals with uncertainty
Some influential pioneer Expert
System projects
 Dendral
Pioneering work developed in 1965 for NASA at Standford University by Buchanan
&Feigenbaum.
 Drilling Advisor
Developed in 1983 by Teknowledge for oil companies to replace human drilling
advisor.
 Mycin
Developed in 1970 at Standford by Shortcliffe to assist internists in diagnosis and
treatment of infectious diseases.
 Xcon/RI
Developed in 1978 to assist the ordering of computer systems by automatically
selecting the system components based on customer’s request.

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