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Butterworth Filters

This document provides an overview of filters, including: 1) It defines common types of filters such as low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and band-rejection filters. 2) It explains the differences between passive filters, which use only resistor, inductor, and capacitor components, and active filters, which use op-amps in addition to RC elements. 3) It describes first and second-order passive filter circuits and how their transfer functions are derived from the circuit components. Higher order filters can be made by combining multiple lower order circuits.

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Dinesh Sharma
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203 views

Butterworth Filters

This document provides an overview of filters, including: 1) It defines common types of filters such as low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and band-rejection filters. 2) It explains the differences between passive filters, which use only resistor, inductor, and capacitor components, and active filters, which use op-amps in addition to RC elements. 3) It describes first and second-order passive filter circuits and how their transfer functions are derived from the circuit components. Higher order filters can be made by combining multiple lower order circuits.

Uploaded by

Dinesh Sharma
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

Lecture 23.

Filters I

• What is a filter
• Passive filters
• Some common filters

1
What are filters?
• Filters are electronic circuits which perform signal processing
functions, specifically intended to remove unwanted signal
components and/or enhance wanted ones.

• Common types of filters:


– Low-pass: deliver low frequencies and eliminate high
frequencies
– High-pass: send on high frequencies and reject low frequencies
– Band-pass: pass some particular range of frequencies, discard
other frequencies outside that band
– Band-rejection: stop a range of frequencies and pass all other
frequencies (e.g., a special case is a notch filter)

2
Bode Plots of Common Filters

Low Pass High Pass


Gain

Gain
Frequency Frequency

Band Pass Band Reject


Gain

Gain

Frequency Frequency

3
Passive vs. Active filters
– Passive filters: RLC components only, but gain < 1

– Active filters: op-amps with RC elements, and gain > 1

4
Passive Filters

• Passive filters use R, L, C elements to achieve the desired filter

Some Technical Terms:


• The half-power frequency is the same as the break frequency (or
corner frequency) and is located at the frequency where the
magnitude is 1/√2 of its maximum value
• The resonance frequency, ω 0, is also referred to as the center
frequency

5
First-Order Filter Circuits

High Pass Low Pass

+ R + R
VS Low VS High
– C Pass
– L Pass

GR = R / (R + 1/sC) HR = R / (R + sL)
GC = (1/sC) / (R + 1/sC) HL = sL / (R + sL)

6
Second-Order Filter Circuits

Band Pass
Z = R + 1/sC + sL
R HBP = R / Z
Low C
VS + Pass Band HLP = (1/sC) / Z
–
Reject
High HHP = sL / Z
L
Pass
HBR = HLP + HHP

7
Higher Order Filters

• We can use our knowledge of circuits, transfer functions


and Bode plots to determine how to create higher order
filters
• For example, let’s outline the design of a third-order low-
pass filter

8
Frequency & Time Domain Connections

• First order circuit break frequency: ω break = 1/τ


• Second order circuit characteristic equation
s2 + 2ζ ω 0 s + ω 02 [ ζ = 1/(2Q) ]
(jω τ )2 + 2ζ (jω τ ) + 1 [ τ = 1/ω 0 ]
s2 + BW s + ω 02
s2 + R/L s + 1/(LC) [series RLC]
Q value also determines damping and pole types
Q < ½ (ζ > 1) overdamped, real & unequal roots
Q = ½ (ζ = 1) critically damped, real & equal roots
Q > ½ (ζ < 1) underdamped, complex conjugate pair

9
Time Domain Filter Response

• It is straightforward to note the frequency domain behavior of the


filter networks, but what is the response of these circuits in the time
domain?
• For example, how does a second-order band-pass filter respond to
a step input?

10
Other types of filters
• Butterworth – flat response in the passband and acceptable roll-off
• Chebyshev – steeper roll-off but exhibits passband ripple (making it
unsuitable for audio systems)
• Bessel – yields a constant propagation delay
• Elliptical – much more complicated

11
Butterworth filters
• Butterworth – The Butterworth filter is designed to have a
frequency response which is as flat as mathematically possible in the
passband. Another name for them is 'maximally flat magnitude'
filters.
Example: A 3rd order Butterworth low pass filter.

C2 = 4/3 farad, R4 = 1ohm, L1 =


3/2 and L3=1/2 H.

12
Butterworth filters
nth order Butterworth filter.
where n = order of filter
ωc = cutoff frequency (approximately the -3dB
frequency)
G0 is the DC gain (gain at zero frequency

The poles of this expression occur on a


circle of radius ωc at equally spaced points

As n approaches infinity, it becomes a


rectangle function
Class Examples

• Example 10-1 and 10-2


• Drill Problem 10-1

14

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