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Memory: Created By: Muhammad Talha Khan

The document discusses the processes of memory including encoding, storage, and retrieval. It describes the three main memory stores of sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory, and the different types of long-term memory like declarative and procedural memory. Biological bases and structures involved in memory are also covered.

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Muhammad Talha Khan
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145 views

Memory: Created By: Muhammad Talha Khan

The document discusses the processes of memory including encoding, storage, and retrieval. It describes the three main memory stores of sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory, and the different types of long-term memory like declarative and procedural memory. Biological bases and structures involved in memory are also covered.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Talha Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MEMORY

Created By:
Muhammad Talha Khan

1
What is Memory

Memory refers to the process that is


used to acquire, store, retain, and later
retrieve information.

2
Memory

There are three major processes involved in


memory :
‐Encoding

‐Storing

‐Retrieving
3
The Study of Memory
How does information get into memory?
‐ ENCODING

How is information maintained in memory?


‐ STORAGE

How is information pulled back out of memory?


‐ RETRIEVAL

4
Memory Processes
Encoding--transforming information into a form
that can be entered and retained in the the
memory system. Encoding is the organizing of
sensory information so the brain can process it.

Storage--retaining information in memory so that


it can be used at a later time
Retrieval--recovering information stored in
memory so that we are consciously aware of it
‐ If encoding is successful we are able to retrieve the
information from storage.
5
Three memory stores that differ in function,
capacity and duration

Maintenance Rehearsal

Encoding
Sensory Attention
Sensory Working or Long-term
Memory Short-term memory
Input
Memory Retrieval
6
Sensory Memory
Function —process for basic physical
characteristics
Capacity—large
‐ can hold many items at once
Duration—very brief retention of
Sensory images
Sensory ‐ .3 sec for visual info
Input 2 sec for auditory info
Memory ‐

Divided into two types:


‐ iconic memory–visual information
‐ echoic memory– auditory information
Attention is needed to transfer
information to working memory
7
Short-Term Memory

Function—conscious processing of
information
‐ where information is actively worked on
Capacity—limited (holds 7+/-2 items)
Duration—brief storage (about 30
seconds)

8
Long-Term Memory

Function—organizes and stores


information
‐ more inactive form of storage than working memory
Unlimited capacity
Duration—Relatively permanent

9
Types of Long Term Memory

1. Declarative: memory for facts!

2. Procedural: memory for skills and procedure

10
Declarative memory
Episodic —information about events
or “episodes” Memory tied to your own
personal experiences

Semantic —information about facts,


general knowledge, school work
General facts and definitions about
the world

11
Procedural Memory

Memory that enables you to perform specific


learned skills or habitual responses
Examples:
‐ Riding a bike
‐ Tying your shoe laces
‐ Driving a car

12
Long-Term Memory
Storage
The Hippocampal Region
Hippocampus: Part of
the limbic system that
plays a key role in
encoding and transferring
new information into
long-term memory.

13
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin
Memory: Brain Structures

14
Biological Bases of Memory
(Continued)

Hormones
also affect memory (e.g.,
flashbulb memories--
vivid and lasting images
are associated with
surprising or strongly
emotional events).

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 15


Huffman: Psychology in Action
Where Are Memories Located?

Memory tends
to be localized
and distributed
throughout the
brain--not just
the cortex.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 16


Huffman: Psychology in Action
Long-Term Memory
“Office” Schema

Study this picture for


30 seconds.

17
List as many objects as you can recall
from the photograph you just saw.

18
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin
Test Your Sensory Memory!

F P W J
Y K M A
R Z O F
E A B Q
X C S N
19
Using Psychology to Improve
Our Memory (Continued)
Tips for Memory Improvement:
1. Pay attention and reduce interference
2. Use rehearsal techniques
3. Hierarchical Organization
4. Counteract serial position effect
5. Time management

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 20


Huffman: Psychology in Action
Using Psychology to Improve
Our Memory

6. Increase Practice Time


7. Employ self-monitoring and over learning

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 21


Huffman: Psychology in Action

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