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CARBOHYDRATES

Carbohydrates are the most abundant biomolecules and chief source of energy for living organisms. They include sugars, starches, and cellulose. Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides. Monosaccharides like glucose, fructose, and galactose are the simplest carbohydrates and can be directly absorbed. Disaccharides like sucrose, lactose, and maltose are formed by links between two monosaccharides. Polysaccharides contain long chains of monosaccharides and include starch, glycogen, and cellulose. In humans, carbohydrates provide a main source of energy and are broken down during digestion into monosaccharides that can be absorbed.

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80 views19 pages

CARBOHYDRATES

Carbohydrates are the most abundant biomolecules and chief source of energy for living organisms. They include sugars, starches, and cellulose. Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides. Monosaccharides like glucose, fructose, and galactose are the simplest carbohydrates and can be directly absorbed. Disaccharides like sucrose, lactose, and maltose are formed by links between two monosaccharides. Polysaccharides contain long chains of monosaccharides and include starch, glycogen, and cellulose. In humans, carbohydrates provide a main source of energy and are broken down during digestion into monosaccharides that can be absorbed.

Uploaded by

LILY LINGGON
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CARBOHYDRATES

WHAT ARE CARBOHYDRATES?


• Most abundant class of
biomolecules
• Chief source of energy of
almost all living organisms
• Comes from French term
hydrate de carbone, which
means hydrate of carbon
• Sometimes called
saccharide, which means
sugar from the Greek
sakcharon
• Groups of carbohydrates: sugar; starch; and
cellulose
• Production of these carbohydrates by green
plants is possible through photosynthesis
TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES:
1.Monosaccharide
2.Disaccharide
3.Polysaccharide
MONOSACCHARIDE
• Simplest carbohydrate
• Only sugar that can be absorbed and
utilized by the body.
• The most common type are:
Glucose Fructose Galactose
GLUCOSE
• Sometimes referred to as
dextrose
•From Greek word for sweet
wine; grape sugar, blood
sugar, dextrose
• Most abundant
monosaccharide in nature
• Found in the bloodstream
and provides immediate
source of energy of the
body’s cell and tissue
FRUCTOSE
• Known as “fruit sugar”
• Likely to be found in fruits
• From Latin word for fruit:
“fructus”; also known as
levulose, found in fruits and
honey; sweetened sugar
• Sweetest among all sugars
• Can also be found in the
nectar of flowers, molasses,
and honey
GALACTOSE
• Does not occur freely in
nature
• Produced in the body
through digestion of
disaccharide lactose
• From Greek word for
milk: “galact”; found as a
component of lactose in
milk
DISACCHARIDE
• Two monosaccharides bound together by a
covalent bond known as glycosidic linkage.
• The most common and most abundant is
Sucrose. Other common disaccharides are:
Lactose and Maltose
• These sugars cannot be utilized by the body
unless broken down into monosaccharides
SUCROSE

• Also known as table sugar


• Mostly found in sugar beets and sugar cane
• From French word for sugar: “sucre”
• Disaccharide containing glucose and fructose
• Table sugar, cane sugar, beet sugar
LACTOSE

• Known as milk sugar


• From Latin word for milk: “lact”
• Disaccharide found in milk
• Containing glucose and galactose
MALTOSE

• Known as malt sugar


• From “malt” French word
• Disaccharide containing two units of glucose
• Found in germinating grains
• Used to make beer
POLYSACCHARIDE
• Carbohydrates that contains 10 or more
monosaccharide units
• Most common: Starch, Glycogen, and Cellulose
• Two types:
1. Homopolysaccharide – formed by the same type
of monosaccharide
2. Heteropolysaccharide – formed by different
types of monosaccharides
STARCH
• Stored form of
glucose in
plants
• Good sources
of starch:
wheat, rice,
corn, barley,
oats, and
tubers
GLYCOGEN
• Stored form of glucose in animals and
humans
• Synthesized and stored mainly in the liver
and the muscles
CELLULOSE
• Major component of the rigid cell walls in
plants and is composed of many
monosaccharide units
CARBOHYDRATES IN THE
HUMAN BODY
• Carbohydrate’s main role in our body is to
supply energy.
• Absorbed through digestion
• Digestion starts in the mouth; an enzyme
known as salivary amylase or ptyalin converts
glycogen and starch to maltose.
• Then continues to the stomach where acid like
HCl is present; these destroy starch-spitting
enzyme ptyalin
• In the intestine, pancreatic amylase converts
starches and sugar to disaccharide maltose,
sucrose, and lactose; which is then on broken
down into monosaccharides.
• Good source of carbohydrate:
 Fruits – fructose found in fruits are
monosaccharides which means they can
pass through the stomach and can be easily
absorbed by the intestine with out requiring
any digestion.

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