BEKC 3543

Microprocessor
MOHD BAZLI BAHAR
ROOM: B/1-9
EXT: 2216
H/P : 0176991806
 Chapter 1
Introduction To Microcomputer
Architecture

Objectives
At the end of this topic, students are able to :
i. Explain microprocessor block diagram and a microprocessor based
system
ii. Explain briefly on processor functions, memory and input/output devices.
 Chapter 1
Introduction To Microcomputer
Architecture

1.0 Microprocessor
• Microprocessor is a CPU(central processing unit) in a chip and it cannot be
operated without support from other devices such as RAM, IO.
 Chapter 1
Introduction To Microcomputer
Architecture

• For this course, the microprocessor that going to be used is

MC68000 @ 68K 64 pin and it is also known as 16/32 bit. Diagram

• MC68000 was introduced by Motorola in 1979.

• Why we use 68000:

• Simple instructions set.
• Advanced interfacing capabilities.
• Can be used with a high-level language.
• Microprocessor popular in the field of learning..

• 68000 family consists of various versions:

• 68000, 68008, 68010, 68020, 68030, 68040 and 68060.
• Usually called as 68k.
 Chapter 1
Introduction To Microcomputer
Architecture

Reset Start here when reset signal is received

1. Output instruction address onto address bus

Fetch 2. Read instruction pattern from memory onto data bus
3. Increment instruction pointer (program counter)

Decode Determine what type of instruction fetched

1. If necessary, read data from memory

Execute 2. Execute Instruction
3. If necessary, write results to memory

Microprocessor basic operation Pg 27

 Chapter 1
Introduction To Microcomputer
Architecture
1.1 Microprocessor-Based System
• Microcomputer is a microprocessor-based system. (Microprocessors based
system)

Multi Tasking Specific Task

 Chapter 1
Introduction To Microcomputer
Architecture
• To enable this microprocessor functions, some basic elements required such as
memory, input / output and timing (crystal oscillator & timing circuitry).

Parallel IO Serial IO Interrupt Circuitry

Timing CPU Memory

Standard Block Diagram of a microprocessor based system

• Depending on the application, additional circuits such as analog / digital,

digital converter / analog and disk drive controllers may be required.
 Chapter 1
Introduction To Microcomputer
Architecture

The following list to list only a few applications of microprocessor :

a. Calculator
b. mobile phones
c. satellite Radio
d. digital camera
e. Players MP3 / MP4 / CD / DVD
f. smart card
g. printer
 Chapter 1
Introduction To Microcomputer
Architecture

1.2 Evolution of the Microprocessor

1st Generation
• Construction of vacuum tubes (vacuum tubes) - take a large space
• Slower, more prone to failure, the limited number of instruction
• ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)

2nd Generation
• Computer transistor (semiconductor)
• Small size and high power

3rd Generation
• Computer with integrated circuit innovation.
12 gates in the chip (SSI) and 13-99 terkamil gate (MSI) in one piece.
Example: Intel 4004 (the first chip in the same computer, 1971)
 Chapter 1
Introduction To Microcomputer
Architecture
1.2 Microprocessor
4th Generation

• Computer with 8-bit microprocessors such as the Intel 8080, Z80 & MC6800
• More than 100 gates (LSI) or 10,000 gates (VLSI).
• 16-bit processor that can perform multiplication and division processes and
operations that involve data (4, 8, 16 or 32 bit) as the Intel 8086, the MC68000.

5th Generation

• Computers with artificial intelligence, ability to think for themselves

 Chapter 1
Introduction To Microcomputer
Architecture

1.2 68000 Hardware

• Specifications:
• 32-bit data and address registers.
• 16-bit data bus.
• 24-bit address bus.
• 14 addressing modes
• 54 Basic Instruction
• Memory-mapped input/output.
• Program Counter.
• 7 interrupt level .
• Clock: 4MHz hingga 12.5MHz
• Synchronous and asynchronous data transmission

Intro
 Chapter 1
Introduction To Microcomputer
Architecture

1.3 Microcomputer System Architecture

Microcomputer System

Organization Instruction Hardware - HW

Set(software) • Refer to
• Refer to internal
structure computer. • Refer to aspects of impact details
• Memory type, structure / way implementation of the about implementation
bus or organization internal program computer. and computer integration.
processor. • Involve instruction, • Involving type
• Function and arrangement registers in the processor components
of each component. and operating data format. used and the type of
signal is required.
• Important in
interface design
μP relationship
with other devices.
 Chapter 1
Introduction To Microcomputer
Architecture
1.4 Microcomputer Organization System
• Microcomputer system consists of :

a) Processor (CPU)
b) Memory
c) Input/output devices(IO)

• The above three components are connected by a group of conductor known

as a bus. Buses are
• address bus
• data bus
• control bus
 Chapter 1
Introduction To Microcomputer
Architecture

1.4 Microcomputer Organization System

Address bus - brings the code to the data location in the memory /
device. (consists of 24-bit)
Data bus - carry data in / out uP (consisting of 16-bit)
Control bus - carry signals used to control other devices and notify
status of the device (eg operation read / write)
 Chapter 1
Introduction To Microcomputer
Architecture

1.4.1 Processor (CPU)

• Processor (CPU) is the brain and heart of the whole system.

• It controls the whole operation done by the system.

• It also executes the instructions stored in memory.

• Contains three main components:

• register
• arithmetic logic unit
• control unit
 Chapter 1
Introduction To Microcomputer
Architecture

1.4.1 Processor (CPU)

Three main components:

a) Registers
Fast memory for storing information during the operation of the CPU or store
information that is being processed.
b) ALU (Arithmetic logic unit)
Processes data or performs logical
operations and arithmetic of data
either from the memory or input
device.

c) Control Unit
The main function is to control
operation of all units with
providing control signals CPU Block Diagram
and timing.
 Chapter 1
Introduction To Microcomputer
Architecture

1.4.2 Memory
• Its function is to store binary data representing instructions that are executed
by the microprocessor.

• In addition to the instruction, the memory is also used to store data will be
used by the software.

• Operations are controlled by the control unit, in which the received signal is
either for READ operation (read) or WRITE (write).

• Formed in a 'long list' and each position contains the number of bits
the same

• Each bit value 0 or 1 (binary - binary)

• Usually every position / address storing 1 byte (8 bits)

• Total position is 2N (N an integer)

 Chapter 1
Introduction To Microcomputer
Architecture

1.4.2 Memory
• Known number of μP is the address
bus 24 bus. By the amount of
memory that can be used is

224 = 16 777 216 Byte

last address of the memory:

224 – 1 = 16 777 215 Byte

= $FF FFFF
 Chapter 1
Introduction To Microcomputer
Architecture

1.4.3 Input / Output Devices

• I/O allows computers to exchange information with the outside world.
• I/O also allows data to be stored for long-term (disk, tape, CD-ROM).
• Peripheral - I/O devices are located outside of the main system box.

Example: Input
- Keyboard
- Mouse

Example: Output
- Monitor
- Printer
 Chapter 1
Introduction To Microcomputer
Architecture

1.5 Bus System

• Microcomputer system has 3 buses that carry all the information and signals
involved in the operation of the system.

• These buses connect the processor to each memory element and I / O for data
and information can flow between the processor and other elements.

• The bus system can be defined as a communication path between the

processor and other devices or a group of wires that carry information.
 Chapter 1
Introduction To Microcomputer
Architecture

1.5 Bus System

• Bus involved in the transfer of data is divided into three groups:

a) Address bus - unidirectional

- Is a bus that takes the address of the processor to the memory. (determining
the location address).
- Total bit address bus usually be decisive memory capacity that can be used by
a processor.
- Bus is unidirectional because the information flows in one direction only that is,
from the CPU to memory or to other devices.
 Chapter 1
Introduction To Microcomputer
Architecture

1.5 Bus System

b) Data bus – bidirectional
- Is a bi-directional bus system because data can flow to or from the CPU.
- Data can be input or output depending on whether the CPU
Currently reading (read) or write (write).
- The number of data lines indicate the size of data handled
c) Control bus – bidirectional
- Bringing the discrete signal used to synchronize signals the activities of the
separate elements of microcomputers.
 Chapter 1
Introduction To Microcomputer
Architecture

1.6 Microprocessor Basic Operations

• Basic operations performed by the microprocessor are:

i. Process take instruction from memory

ii. Executable instruction

• The process has two cycles during program execution / order, namely:

i. Cycle take (fetch cycle)

ii. Exercise cycle (execute cycle)

FDE
 Chapter 1
Introduction To Microcomputer
Architecture

1.6 Microprocessor Basic Operations

i) Fetch cycle)

CPU puts address of the first byte of the instruction at the address bus signals
control, READ from memory location.

CPU take this byte (instruction) of the data bus (fetch). Byte is called opcode
and this operation is called 'op-code fetch'

Opcode then is decoded and the signals need to be generated.

If the instruction is a multibyte instruction, the second and subsequent bytes will
taken from memory one by one according to these steps.

ii) Cycle Run (Execute cycle)

Having completed the process take, the CPU will perform the operation
(execute) requested by the instruction.
 Chapter 1
Introduction To Microcomputer
Architecture

1.4.2 Memory

Address bus 1 00001110

1 00000101 2 10000000
3 10101010
4 00111100
2 READ
5 00000000
6 11110000

3 00000000
01101110
Data bus

Read Operation
 Chapter 1
Introduction To Microcomputer
Architecture

1.4.2 Memory

Address bus 1 00001110

1 00000100 2 10000000
3 10101010
4 00110001
2 WRITE
5 00000000
6 11110000

3 00110001
01101110
Data bus

WRITE Operation
 Chapter 1
Introduction To Microcomputer
Architecture

References
i. Antonakos, J. L., The 68000 Microprocessor: Hardware and Software
Principles and Applications 5th edition , Prentice Hall, 2004.

ii. Clements, A., Microprocessor Systems Design: 68000 Hardware, Software,

and Interfacing 3rd edition, PWS, 1997.

iii. Tocci, R. J., Digital Systems: Principles and Applications 9th edition, Prentice
Hall,2004.

iv. Floyd, T. L., Digital Fundamentals 8th edition, Prentice Hall, 2003.

v. Spasov, P., Microcontroller Technology: The 68HC11 and 68HC12 5th edition,
Prentice Hall, 2004.

vi. Motorola uP, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_68020