Determinism
MARK CHRISTIAN R. CATAPANG, MAEd.
ALITAGTAG NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
TEACHER -III
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Determinism
• theory that all events, including • is at times understood to
moral choices, are completely preclude free will because it
determined by previously
existing causes
entails that humans cannot
act otherwise than they do
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Charles Arthur Campbell
• (13 January 1897 – 17 March 1974) was
a Scottish metaphysical philosopher
• attended secondary school at the Glasgow
Academy but during his time at Oxford the First
World War began, and set aside his studies to serve
as an officer in the British Army, with the 10th
Borders Regiment
• Campbell supported the concept of free will clearly
stated in his book In Defence of Free Will
• Campbell was a metaphysical pluralist who
believed the world to be made up of many
independently real things.
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• Campbell argued that a free
choice must involve an "effort" of
the will. He said only choices
made from "duty" were really
uncaused. Choices based on
desires were caused by those desires.
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John Bordley Rawls
February 21, 1921 – November 24, 2002 was
an American moral and political philosopher
in the liberal tradition.
A Theory of Justice in 1971
n which the author addresses the
problem of distributive justice (the
socially just distribution of goods in
a society)
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John Bordley Rawls
Rawls's theory of "justice as
fairness" recommends equal basic
rights, equality of opportunity, Rawls derives two principles of
and promoting the interests of the justice from the original position.
least advantaged members of society. Rawls's The first of these is the Liberty
argument for these principles of social justice
Principle, which establishes equal
uses a thought experiment called the "original
position", in which people select what kind of basic liberties for all citizens. Rawls
society they would choose to live under if they also includes a personal property
did not know which social position they would right, but this is defended in terms
personally occupy.
of moral capacities and self-
respect, rather than an appeal to a
natural right of self-ownership
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Alasdair Chalmers MacIntyre
is a Scottish philosopher, primarily known for his
contribution to moral and political philosophy,
but also known for his work in history of
philosophy and theology
MacIntyre's approach to moral philosophy
interweaves a number of complex
strands. Although he largely aims to revive
an Aristotelian moral philosophy based on
the virtues, he claims a "peculiarly
modern understanding" of this task (12 January 1929)
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MacIntyre uses the historical
development of ethics to circumvent
the modern problem of "incommensurable"
moral notions, whose merits cannot be
compared in any common framework.
MacIntyre is a key figure in the recent
surge of interest in virtue
ethics, which identifies the central
question of morality as having to do with
the habits and knowledge concerning
how to live a good life. His approach
seeks to demonstrate that good
judgment emanates from good
character.
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Carol Gilligan
American feminist, ethicist, and
psychologist best known for her
work on ethical community and
ethical relationships, and certain
subject-object problems in ethics
a professor at New York
University and a visiting
professor at the University of
Cambridge
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Ethics of care
∙In her book In a Different Voice she presented her ethics of
care theory as an alternative to Lawrence Kohlberg's
hierarchal and principled approach to ethics. In contrast to
Kohlberg, who claimed that girls, and therefore also women,
did not in general develop their moral abilities to the highest
levels, Gilligan argued that women approached ethical
problems differently from men. According to Gilligan, women's
moral viewpoints center around the understanding of
responsibilities and relationship whilst men's moral viewpoints
instead center around the understanding of moral fairness,
which is tied to rights and rules. Women also tend to see
moral issues as a problem of conflicting responsibilities rather
than competing rights.
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Sigmund Freud
an Austrian neurologist and the founder of
psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis is a set of theories and
therapeutic techniques related to the study of
the unconscious mind, which together form a
method of treatment for mental-health disorders.
The discipline was established in the early
1890s by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud
and stemmed partly from the clinical work of
Josef Breuer and others.
(6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939)
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The basic tenets of psychoanalysis include:
1. a person's development is determined by often forgotten events
in early childhood, rather than by inherited traits alone;
2. human behaviour and cognition are largely determined by
instinctual drives that are rooted in the unconscious;
3. attempts to bring those drives into awareness triggers resistance
in the form of defense mechanisms, particularly repression;
The basic tenets of psychoanalysis include:
4. conflicts between conscious and unconscious material can result
in mental disturbances such as neurosis, neurotic traits, anxiety and
depression;
5. unconscious material can be found in dreams and unintentional
acts, including mannerisms and slips of the tongue;
6. liberation from the effects of the unconscious is achieved by
bringing this material into the conscious mind through therapeutic
intervention;
The basic tenets of psychoanalysis include:
7. the "centerpiece of the
psychoanalytic process" is the
transference, whereby patients
relive their infantile conflicts by
projecting onto the analyst feelings
of love, dependence and anger
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