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Abid YusufAnalysis of Fuel Injection in Diesel Engines
P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
Special Behavioral Issues of Teen Combustion ….
Coal dust injection system of Rudolph Diesel. AIR
INJ ECTION
(After U.S. patent No. 54286 of 1895.)
Hopper Injection valve
Rotary valve
Orifice
Compressed air tank Combustion chamber
Diesel developed an engine that was more than seven times more
efficient than the (100 years evolved steam engine).
A Shift from Coal to An Waste Liquid
• 1913 : Rudolf Diesel disappears in mysterious circumstances aboard
a steam ship to London.
• His body is later found in the North Sea
• Some historians speculate that coal industry leaders murdered Diesel
because his engine blueprint was reworked to use diesel fuel.
• Diesel fuel has an interesting origin because it was ignored as
garbage for decades.
• Instead of seeing it as a valuable source of fuel, it was thrown away
as an unusable byproduct of petroleum refining for more than 40
years.
• Etymology resources cite the term diesel as first being used as an
adjective in 1894.
• The word diesel was borrowed from Rudolf Diesel’s last name
because of a revolutionary engine that he designed.
The first Diesel engine in a workshop
It took some time for car makers to begin making use of the diesel
engine, mind you. Mercedes-Benz first used the fuel in 1936, and
premiered its ground-breaking 260D at the Berlin Motor Show of that
year.
The diesel engine, as it came to be known, was also more efficient
and reliable than the gasoline engine that had been invented 20 years
earlier by Diesel’s countryman, Nikolaus Otto.
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sponsored/motoring/d
iesel-performance/11956048/diesel-fuel-
history.html
The Complex Nature of Young Teen
Colour Coded Evolution of Diesel Spray
Onset of The Inevitable Danger
The Problem of High Pressure Diesel Injection
Development of Injection Pressure & Injection
System in CI Engines
Types of CI Engine Injection Systems
• Air assisted Fuel-Injection Systems.
• Unit Injector System (UIS) – Single-Cylinder CI Engine.
• Unit Pump System (UPS) – Multi-cylinder CI Engine.
• Common Rail Injection System (CRS) – Multi-cylinder CI
Engine.
• The Unit Injector System (UIS) and the Unit Pump System (UPS)
are among the most significant innovations in this field.
• They inject precisely the right amount of fuel individually into
each cylinder, at very high pressure, and at exactly the right
moment in time.
• This results in considerably more efficient combustion than is the
case with conventional injection systems.
• This, in turn, equates to higher output, less fuel consumption, and
lower levels of noise and exhaust-gas emissions.
First Generation Common Rail Diesel Injection System
The Common Rail Diesel Injection System delivers a more controlled
quantity of atomised fuel, which leads to better fuel economy; a
reduction in exhaust emissions; and a significant decrease in engine
noise during operation.
History of CRDI
• The common rail system prototype was developed in the
1960's by Robert Huber of Switzerland.
• The technology was further developed by Dr.Marco
Ganser at the swiss Federal Institute of Technology in
Zurich.
• The first successful usage in production vehicle began in
Japan in the mid-1990's by Dr.Shohei Itoh & Masahina
Miyaki of the Denso Corporation.
Second Generation (Electronically Controlled) CRDI
Common rail diesel injection system
• In the Common Rail system, an accumulator, or rail, is
used to create a common reservoir of fuel under a
consistent controlled pressure that is separate from the fuel
injection points.
• A high-pressure pump increases the fuel pressure in the
accumulator up to 1,600 bar .
• The pressure is set by the engine control unit and is
independent of the engine speed and quantity of fuel being
injected into any of the cylinders.
• The fuel is then transferred through rigid pipes to the fuel
injectors, which inject the correct amount of fuel into the
combustion chambers.
Injectors for CRDI
• The injectors used in Common Rail systems are triggered
externally by an Electronic Diesel Control, (EDC) unit.
• EDC controls all the engine injection parameters including the
pressure in the fuel rail and the timing and duration of injection.
• Some common rail injectors are controlled by a magnetic
solenoid on the injector.
• In some injectors, hydraulic force from the pressure in the system
is used to open and close the injector, but the available pressure
is controlled by the solenoid triggered by the Electronic Diesel
Control unit.
• Some injectors use Piezo crystal wafers to actuate the
injectors.
• These crystals expand rapidly when connected to an
electric field.
• In a Piezo inline injector, the actuator is built into the
injector body very close to the jet needle and uses no
mechanical parts to switch injector needles.
• The electronic diesel control unit precisely meters the
amount of fuel injected, and improves atomization of the
fuel by controlling the injector pulsations.
• This results in quieter, more fuel efficient engines; cleaner
operation; and more power output.
Next Generation Diesel Injection Systems:
The HEUI (Hydraulically Actuated Electronically Controlled
Unit Injector) technology
Feel the In-Cylinder Processes
Start of injection
Start of combustion
End of injection
Cut-off Ratio & Nozzle Capacity
Sizing of Nozzle
Instantaneous Diesel Flow rate: m f CD An 2 f p
Mass of Diesel per cycle:
d
EOI
mf
SOI
C D An 2 f p
360 N
