CLASSIFICATION OF OPTICAL FIBRE
Classification based on Mode of propagation
Fibres can be classified based on numbers of mode
available for propagation :
1-Single-mode (SM) fiber.
2.-Multi-mode (MM) fiber.
Classification based on refractive index profile :
1. Step index (SI)
2. Graded index (GRIN) fiber.
Propagation modes
Multimode Step-Index
Multimode Graded-Index
Number of modes results in delay in
receiving end :
1. Modal dispersion
2. Resulting reduction in bandwidth-
width.
3. Resulting limits the distance of
transmission.
4.To overcome modal dispersion core
graded refractive index fibres are used.
Single Mode
Modes
7.7
Fiber Construction
Fiber types
7.9
COMPARISION WITH OTHER MEDIA /
TECHNOLOGIES
WINDOW CONCEPT IN SPECTRUM
5
4 OF OPTICAL FIBER
- 190 THz
Cut - off wave length - 50 THz
for single - mode
3
fibre -
OH OH-
2
OH-
1
0
Wavelength (m.)
0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
First Window
Fourth Window
Second Window
Third Window
TRANSMISSION WINDOWS
First Window (800-900nm)
Transmitter laser Ga As and LED
Receiver-Silicon APD
It is suitable for Short distance
Transmission(due to high loss in
this region)
SECONDWINDOW(1250to1350nm)
Moderate loss of Signal in this region
Chromatic Dispersion is very weak
Suitable for Long Distance
Transmission
ThirdWindow(1500nmC-band)
Widely used as fibre loss are very low
Euro doped Fibre Amp. Available in this
Region
Mostly used for WDM & DWDM
applications
LOSSES IN OPTICAL FIBER
There are several points in an optic system where losses occur.
These are: coupler, splices, connectors and the fiber itself.
Losses associated within the fiber classified as under:
Losses due to absorption: Even the purest glass will absorb
heavily within specific wavelength regions. Other major source of
loss is impurities like, metal ions and OH ions.
Losses due to scattering: caused due to localized variations in
density, called Rayleigh scattering and the loss is:
L = 1.7(0.85/)4 dB/km
is in micrometers
Losses due to geometric effect:
micro-bending.
macro-bending.
DISPERSION IN FIBER
Dispersion is spreading of the optical pulse as it travels down
the length.
Dispersion limits the information carrying capacity of fibre.
Classified as : Material Disp, Waveguide Disp. & Modal Disp.,
Material Dispersion:
R.I. varies with Wave length causing velocity variation.
Waveguide Dispersion:
effective R.I. varies with wavelength for given film thickness
Modal Dispersion:
pulse spreading caused by various modes.
BASIC FIBRE OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS
A basic comm. System consists of : a transmitter, a receiver, & a
medium. TRANSMITTER MEDIUM RECIEVER
Optical Transmitters:
Ligh t Ligh t
convert electrical signals to optical. source sansor
Optical Receivers: ELECTRICAL ELECTRICAL
convert optical signal to electrical. SIGNAL SIGNAL
The basic elements in transmitters: Electronic interfaces,
Electronics processing circuitry, Drive circuitry, light source,
optical interfaces, output sensing and stabilization,
Temperature sensing and control.
The basic elements in an optical receiver: Detector,
Amplifier, Decision circuits.
TRANSMISSION CHALLENGES
Several challenge that must be dealt with
(1)ATTENUATION : Decaying of signals.
i) Impurities
ii) Micro bending
iii) Macro bending
(2) DISPERSION : Spreading of light pulses.
i)Modal
ii)Chromatic,
iii)Wave guide
MAIN TESTS ON OPTICAL FIBRE CABLES
Cable Loss.
Splice Loss.
Connector Loss.
Fibre Length.
Continuity of Fiber.
Fault Localizations/ Break Fault.
INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED
Optical Power Meter.
Calibrated Light Source.
Optical Attenuator.
Optical Time Domain Reflecto meter
(OTDR).
Optical Talk Set.
TEST AND MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS
OTDR
SPLICING MACHINE
OPTICAL TALK SETS
MECHANICAL SPLICE POWER METER,
TOOL KIT LASER SOURCE, ATTENUATOR
Splice
1.Permanent connection between two
fibres
2.Involves cutting of the edges of the
two fibres to be spliced
3.Alignment of the cores of the fibres
to be connected is important to
reduce splice loss
OPTICAL TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETER
(OTDR)
Used for measuring :
Fiber Loss.
Splice Loss.
Connector Loss.
Fiber Length.
Continuity of Fiber.
Fault Localization.
Splicing Method
1.Single Fiber Mechanical splicing
2.Adhesive bonding or Glue
splicing
3.Temp. Mechanical splicing
4.Fusion Splicing
Fusion
Safety Warnings
Risks of inhaling fumes or of allergic reactions to chemicals
used to prepare and process optical fibres.
Risks of optical fibre fragments piercing the skin (and the
eyes), which can lead to infection and complications due to
the difficulty in their removal.
Risks from exposure to the eyes from optical power either
direct from sources (LED , VCSEL or LASER) or from free
interfaces (connectors, fractured optical fibres, splices,
etc.).
If fibre optic cable contains metal (for example: corrugated
steel armour, metallic strength member, messenger) it is
necessary to earth both metallic sides of the cable.
Precautions
Never install a fibre optic cable if temperature is below –5°C (Be aware that in
cold environment the cable jackets are stiffer and more sensitive to bending and
pulling.
For reasons of safety, always unroll cable by the bottom side of the reel.
During the delivery of the optical cable the off-loading of the reels should be
monitored to ensure that no mechanical damage occurs (kinking, unravelling or
twisting).
If fibre optic cable is installed in the same tray as copper ones, always place the
copper cables below.
At both cable ends, it’s recommended to leave a few meters of cable for reserve.
It’s also recommended to leave some extra cable (+- 5m) at different places on
the cable link (This makes it easier to repair in case of a broken cable).
Always cut first meters of cable as this part can be damaged by pulling of the
cable, bending,
Fibre optic cable reels must always stand upright.
Never forget to place a wedge to avoid that the reel can roll.
