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Discourse Analysis and Grammar.

This document discusses various grammatical concepts related to discourse analysis including reference, ellipsis, substitution, conjunction, theme and rheme, tense, and aspect. It defines these concepts and provides examples to illustrate different types within each concept. Reference can be anaphoric, looking backward, exophoric, looking outward, or cataphoric, looking forward. Ellipsis, substitution, and conjunction act as cohesive ties that link elements in a text. Theme is the topic or starting point of a message, while rheme provides additional information. Tense relates to when an activity occurs and aspect comments on characteristics like completion, habituality, or continuity.

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Nini Harliani
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
602 views

Discourse Analysis and Grammar.

This document discusses various grammatical concepts related to discourse analysis including reference, ellipsis, substitution, conjunction, theme and rheme, tense, and aspect. It defines these concepts and provides examples to illustrate different types within each concept. Reference can be anaphoric, looking backward, exophoric, looking outward, or cataphoric, looking forward. Ellipsis, substitution, and conjunction act as cohesive ties that link elements in a text. Theme is the topic or starting point of a message, while rheme provides additional information. Tense relates to when an activity occurs and aspect comments on characteristics like completion, habituality, or continuity.

Uploaded by

Nini Harliani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

AND GRAMMAR

BY GROUP 2:
 NAFISAH
 NINDY NURSILVA PARIZKA
 NINI HARLIANI
 EVHA
GRAMMATICAL COHESION AND
TEXTUALITY
Spoken and written discourses display grammatical
connections between individual clauses and
utterances.

These grammatical links can be classified under


three broad types:
1. Reference
2. Ellipsis & Substitution
3. Conjunction
REFERENCES
Reference is as an act by which speaker (or writer)
uses language to enable a listener (or reader) to
identify something.
Some types of references:
a. Anaphoric reference
b. Exophoric reference
c. Cataphoric reference
a. Anaphoric Reference (looking backward reference)
The referents can be confirmed by looking back in the
text,
e.g. The teacher asked Lian to read so she read
e.g. Tom likes ice cream but Bill can’t eat it

b. Exophoric Reference (looking outward reference)


The referent is not in the immediate context but is
assumed by the speaker/writer to be part of a shared
world, in terms of knowledge and experience.
c. Cataphoric Reference (Forward references)
Refers to any reference that “points forward” to
information that will be presented later in the
text.
e.g. When I met him, James looked ill.
e.g. Here is the new. The Prime Minister ......
ELLIPSIS
Ellipsis is the omission of elements normally required
by the grammar which the speaker/writer assumes
are obvious form the context and therefor need not
be raised.

English has broadly three types of ellipsis:


a. Nominal Ellipsis (the omission of a noun head in
nominal group)
Example:
Nelly liked the green tiles; I myself preferred the
blue.
b. Verbal Ellipsis (define as a verbal group whose
structure does not fully express its systematic features)
Example:
What have you been doing?
=> swimming

c. Clausal Ellipsis (represent the omission of a part of the


clause of elements or all of it)
Example:
If you could be back here at five thirty, I’d like you to be
back here at five thirty.
 if you could, I’d like you to be back here at five thirty.
SUBSTITUTION
Substitution is similar to ellipsis, in that, in
English, it operates either at nominal, verbal, or
clausal level.
a. Nominal substitution (when a noun phrase is
elided or susbtitute by using “One and ones”)
Example:
This book is mine, but that one is his.
b. Verbal substitution (when a verb phrase is elided or
substitute by using do, do not, and auxiliaries)
Example:
• Did Mary take that letter?
She might have done.
• She can drive the car, but I cannot

c. Clausal Substitution (when the entire clause or a large


part of it is elided or substitute by using so or not.)
Example:
Do you need a lift? If so, wait for me; if not I’ll see you
there
CONJUNCTION
Conjunction acts as a cohesive tie between
clauses or sections of text in such a way as to
demonstrate a meaningful pattern between
them.
Halliday (1985) offers a scheme for classification of
conjunctive relations.
Type:
 elaboration (in other words, rather)
 extension (and, but, alternatives)
 enhancement (there, previously, consequently)
 additive (moreover, besides, furthermore,)
 adversative (although, but, eventhough)
 causal (show cause and effect)
 temporal (then, to show time), etc.
THEME AND RHEME
• M.A.K. Halliday (1985:39), Theme function as the
‘starting point of the message’ the element which the
clause is going to be ‘about’ and rheme is the rest of
the message, which provides the additional
information added to the starting point.
• Theme is the topic (at the begining of a sentence)
• Rheme is about the topic (comment about the topic)
Example:
His back paw was red with infection
theme(topic) rheme (comment)
THEME TYPES:
1. IDEATIONAL THEME (this type is usually but not always
the first nominal group in the clause), and this type is
classified into two group: unmarked & marked theme.
example:
Unmarked theme:
 John went up the hill. (Nominal Group as theme)
 (what John and Bill did) was go up the hill (embbeded
clause)
Marked theme:
 Someday, you will understand that (adverbial as the
theme)
2. TEXTUAL THEME (serves primarily to relate one clause
(complex) with a preceding one and are typically realized by
conjunction and continuatives)
Example:
Continuative as theme (well, right, OK, now, anyway, of course,
etc)
• Well, anyway, we arrived on time

3. INTERPERSONAL THEME (to code speaker/writer’s personal


judgment on meaning. They may be Modal adjuncts, vocatives,
finite, or WH-elements.
Example: Perhaps, we can wait until next week. (modal adjunct
as theme)
TENSE AND ASPECT

 Tense is related to time when activity or state


occur.

 Aspect in a language comments upon some


characteristics of the activity or state. related
to how an action was completed, habitual or
continuous

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