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Electromagnetic Theory Chapter 2 Transmission Lines

1) Transmission lines are used to connect power sources to loads and transmit energy over long distances. Common types include parallel wires, coaxial cables, microstrips, and waveguides. 2) At higher frequencies, transmission lines must be treated as distributed elements rather than lumped components due to signal propagation delays. This leads to effects like dispersion and the formation of standing waves. 3) Telegrapher's equations describe the voltage and current on a transmission line as a function of position and time. The solutions are traveling wave equations that model the line's behavior.

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305 views41 pages

Electromagnetic Theory Chapter 2 Transmission Lines

1) Transmission lines are used to connect power sources to loads and transmit energy over long distances. Common types include parallel wires, coaxial cables, microstrips, and waveguides. 2) At higher frequencies, transmission lines must be treated as distributed elements rather than lumped components due to signal propagation delays. This leads to effects like dispersion and the formation of standing waves. 3) Telegrapher's equations describe the voltage and current on a transmission line as a function of position and time. The solutions are traveling wave equations that model the line's behavior.

Uploaded by

Raymond Wen Huan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 2

TRANSMISSION LINES

EEE276
ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY

Dr Muhammad Firdaus Akbar


Chapter 2 Overview
Transmission Lines
A transmission line connects a generator to a load
Transmission Lines
 The transmission line is generally used to connect a source to a
load with a view to transferring energy.
 Traditionally the basic elements of a circuit are considered to
be lumped, that of resistors, inductors and capacitors.

 Transmission lines include:


• Two parallel wires
• Coaxial cable
• Microstrip line
• Optical fiber
• Waveguide
Types of Transmission Modes
TEM (Transverse
Electromagnetic):
Electric and
magnetic fields
are orthogonal to
one another, and
both are
orthogonal to
direction of
propagation
Example of TEM Mode

Electric Field E is radial


Magnetic Field H is azimuthal
Propagation is into the page
Transmission Line Effects
Is the pair of wires connecting the voltage
source to the RC load a transmission line?
Yes.
The wires were ignored in circuits courses.
Can we always ignore them? Not always.

Delayed by l/c
(2) But if l = 20 km:

At t = 0, and for f = 1 kHz , if:

(1) l = 5 cm:
Transmission Lines
 This approximation only holds if the time delay in
propagating a signal through them is negligible.
 This is usually when operating at higher frequencies such as
RF and above the physical size of the component is
comparable to a significant proportion of the wavelength.
 If this is the case then such components, including
transmission lines, must be considered as distributed
elements.
Dispersion
Transmission Line Model
Transmission Line Model
 Starting with the equations that describe the voltage
across the transmission line and the current carried by
the line as a function of time t and spatial position z.
 Using a lumped-element equivalent model; consider a
small, differential length Δz. The quantities v (z, t) and i
(z, t) denote the instantaneous voltage and current at
the left end of the differential section (node N), and
similarly v (z+ Δz, t) and i (z+ Δz, t) denote the same
quantities at the right end (node N + 1).
Transmission-Line Equations

ac signals: use phasors

Telegrapher’s
equations
Derivation of Wave Equations

attenuation
complex constant
propagation constant
Phase constant
Combining the two equations leads to:
The propagation constant of a sinusoidal electromagnetic
wave is a measure of the change undergone by the
amplitude and phase of the wave as it propagates in a given
direction

Second-order differential equation


Solution of Wave Equations (cont.)

Proposed form of solution:

Using:

It follows
that:
Solution of Wave Equations (cont.)
In general:

wave along +z because coefficients of t and z


have opposite signs

wave along –z because coefficients of t and z have


the same sign
Example 2-1: Air Line
Lossless Transmission Line

If

Then:
Voltage Reflection Coefficient

At the load (z = 0):

Reflection
coefficient

Normalized load
impedance
Voltage Reflection Coefficient
Current Reflection Coefficient
Standing Waves

voltage magnitude

current magnitude
Standing-Wave Pattern

Voltage magnitude is maximum

When voltage is a maximum, current


is a minimum, and vice versa
Standing Wave Patterns for 3 Types of Loads
Maxima & Minima

Standing-Wave Pattern
Maxima & Minima (cont.)

S = Voltage Standing Wave Ratio

For a matched load: S = 1

For a short, open, or purely reactive load:


Example 2-6: Measuring ZL with a Slotted Line
Wave Impedance
At a distance d from the load:
Input Impedance

At input, d = l:
Cont.
(cont.)

Cont.
(cont.)
Short-Circuited Line

For the short-circuited line:

At its input, the line appears like


an inductor or a capacitor
depending on the sign of
Open-Circuited Line
Short-Circuit/Open-Circuit Method
 For a line of known length l, measurements of its
input impedance, one when terminated in a short
and another when terminated in an open, can be
used to find its characteristic impedance Z0 and
electrical length
Instantaneous Power Flow
Average Power
Summary

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