Phase Shift Keying &

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

1
Topics covered in this presentation:
 Some basic definitions & concepts of digital communication
What is Phase Shift Keying(PSK) ?
 Binary Phase Shift Keying – BPSK
BPSK transmitter and receiver
Advantages & Disadvantages of BPSK
Pi/4 – QPSK
Pi/4 – QPSK transmitter & receiver

2
Some basic concepts of Digital Communication:
Information capacity: linear function of bandwidth and transmission
time i.e. 𝐼 ∝ 𝐵 × 𝑡
where I is information capacity(bits per second)
B is bandwidth (hertz)
t is transmission time (sec)
 Shannon limit for information capacity
𝐼 = 𝐵 log 2 (1 + 𝑆𝑁𝑅)
Where SNR is signal to noise power ratio (unit less quantity)

3
M-ary coding:

M-ary is a term derived from binary

M represents a digit that corresponds to the number of conditions,
levels, or combinations possible for a given number of binary
variables, for e.g. a digital signal with four possible conditions (voltage
levels, frequencies, phases) is an M-ary system where M = 4
Number of bits necessary to produce a given number of conditions is
expressed mathematically as 𝑁 = log 2 𝑀 or 2𝑁 = 𝑀 where N is
number of necessary bits & M is number of
conditions/combinations/levels
4
Baud and Minimum bandwidth:
Baud or symbols per second- rate of change of a signal on the
transmission medium after encoding and modulation have occurred
Baud is a unit of transmission rate, modulation rate or symbol rate
1
𝐵𝑎𝑢𝑑 = where 𝑡𝑠 is time of one signalling element (seconds)
𝑡𝑠
Minimum theoretical bandwidth necessary to propagate a signal is
called the minimum Nyquist bandwidth or minimum Nyquist
frequency. Thus,𝑓𝑏 = 𝐵, where 𝑓𝑏 is the bit rate in bits per second
and B is the ideal Nyquist bandwidth.

5
Baud and Minimum bandwidth: continued ….
 The relationship between bandwidth and bit rate also applies to the
opposite situation. For a given bandwidth (B), the highest theoretical
bit rate is 2B.
Using multilevel signalling, the Nyquist formula for channel capacity
𝑓𝑏
is 𝑓𝑏 = 𝐵log 2 𝑀 or 𝑓𝑏 = 𝐵 × 𝑁 => 𝐵 =
𝑁
where 𝑓𝑏 is channel capacity in bits per second, B is minimum Nyquist
bandwidth and M is number of discrete signal or voltage levels
𝑓𝑏
𝐵𝑎𝑢𝑑 = , so Baud is also the bit rate divided by the number of bits
𝑁
encoded into one signalling element
6
Phase Shift Keying (PSK): Introduction
PSK is a digital modulation scheme which conveys data by
changing/modulating the phase of the carrier signal
Phase of carrier signal is varied in proportional to the information
signal
The carrier signal is also called reference signal
The modulation is done by varying sine and cosine inputs at a precise
time
PSK is often called angle modulated constant amplitude digital
modulation
Simplest form of PSK is Binary phase shift keying (BPSK)

7
Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK):
BPSK has values of N=1 and M=2, so two phases for the carrier are
possible
One phase represents a logic 1 and the other phase represents a logic
0. As the input digital signal changes state (i.e., 1 -> 0 or 0 -> 1), the
phase of the output carrier shifts between two angles that are
separated by 180°

8
Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK): continued …..
 Any carrier signal is s(t) = A cos (2π𝑓𝑐 t +θ) where θ is the phase
For BPSK, we have θ=0 or θ=π, separated by 180 degrees
So, the BPSK signals become A m(t)cos (2π𝑓𝑐 t +θ)
𝑣1 𝑡 = Acos2π𝑓𝑐 𝑡 0 ≤ t ≤ T, for 1 and
𝑣2 𝑡 = −Acos2π𝑓𝑐 𝑡 0 ≤ t ≤ T, for 0
where A is a constant, 𝑓𝑐 is the carrier frequency and T is the bit
duration
𝐴2
 The signal has a power 𝑃 = means 𝐴 = 2𝑃
2

9
Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK): continued …..
So, the signals 𝑣1,2 𝑡 = ±Acos2π𝑓𝑐 𝑡 becomes
𝑣1,2 𝑡 = ± 2𝑃cos2π𝑓𝑐 𝑡
2
= ± 𝑃𝑇 cos2π𝑓𝑐 𝑡
𝑇
2
=± 𝐸 cos2π𝑓𝑐 𝑡
𝑇
where E=P*T is the energy contained in a bit duration.
2
ᶲ1,2 𝑡 = ± cos2π𝑓𝑐 𝑡 are the orthonormal functions with unit
𝑇
energy in a bit duration

10
BPSK Constellation Diagram
 Constellation points are drawn on a
2 dimensional complex co-ordinate
system
2
ᶲ1 𝑡 = cos2π𝑓𝑐 𝑡 0 ≤ t ≤ T
𝑇

2
ᶲ2 𝑡 = − sin2π𝑓𝑐 𝑡 0 ≤ t ≤ T
𝑇

11
BPSK transmitter:
Other names for BPSK are phase reversal keying (PRK) and biphase
modulation
BPSK is a form of square-wave modulation of a continuous wave (CW)
signal
Important components of a BPSK transmitter are : Balanced
modulator, level converter, Band pass filter and Reference Carrier
Oscillator
Balanced modulator acts as a phase reversing switch
Another name of Balanced modulator is Balanced Ring modulator

12
BPSK transmitter diagram:

13
BPSK Balanced Ring Modulator:
The balanced modulator has two inputs: (1) a carrier which is in
phase with the reference oscillator and (2) the binary digital data
For the balanced modulator to operate properly, the digital input
voltage must be much greater than the peak carrier voltage

14
BPSK Balanced Ring Modulator Function:
When the binary input logic is 1 When the binary input logic is 0

15
Output of a BPSK waveform:
Logic 1 input produces an analog output signal with a 0°phase angle,
and a logic 0 input produces an analog output signal with a 180°
phase angle

16
BPSK Receiver:
Input signal to receiver maybe +𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑐 𝑡 or - 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑐 𝑡
The coherent carrier recovery circuit detects and regenerates a
carrier signal that is both frequency and phase coherent with the
original transmit carrier
The balanced modulator is a product detector; the output is the
product of the two inputs (the BPSK signal and the recovered carrier)
The low-pass filter (LPF) operates the recovered binary data from the
complex demodulated signal
Coherent BPSK requires that the reference signal at the receiver to be
synchronized in phase and frequency with the received signal

17
BPSK Receiver diagram:
For a BPSK input signal of +𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑐 𝑡 (logic 1), the output of the
balanced modulator is:
output = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑐 𝑡 )(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑐 𝑡 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑤𝑐 𝑡
Now 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑤𝑐 𝑡 = 0.5(1 –𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜔𝑐 𝑡 ) = 0.5 - 0.5 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜔𝑐 𝑡
output = + 0.5 V = logic 1
filtered out

18
Advantages and Disadvantages of BPSK:
Advantages Disadvantages
The bit error rate is least in case Costly due to use of Costas
of BPSK due to the presence of a square loop or Costas PLL in
spacing of 2 𝐸 between the coherent demodulation
points on the constellation
diagram The abrupt change of phase in
BPSK requires half the time domain is an impulse
transmission energy for the function which requires infinite
same bit error rate as in FSK and bandwidth for transmission
ASK

19
Applications of BPSK:
BPSK is widely used for wireless LANs, RFID and Bluetooth
communication
BPSK is used in radio communications due to robust BER

20
Other types of Phase Shift Keying:
QPSK - Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
π/4-QPSK - Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
O-QPSK - Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
8 PSK - 8 Point Phase Shift Keying
16 PSK - 16 Point Phase Shift Keying
QAM - Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
16 QAM - 16 Point Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
64 QAM - 64 Point Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

21
Other types of Phase Shift Keying:
π/4-QPSK - Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
Advantage :
• Among all MPSK schemes, QPSK is the most-often-used
• scheme since it does not suffer fromBER degradationwhile the
bandwidth efficiency
• is increased.

22
Thank You

23