Signals and Systems
Instructor M. IRFAN ARSHAD
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Office: 051-9047554
E-mail:
[email protected]Text books and notes 1. “Signals and Systems”,
Oppenheim, Willsky 2nd
edition, Prentice Hall, Inc.,
2003.
2. “Signals And System”
Haykin ,Van Veen , Wiley,
Inc., 1999.
Additional books
Outline
• Motivation
• Outline of course
• Fundamentals
• Power and energy of a signal
• Transformation of time variable
• Even and Odd Signals
Motivation
LTI
System
+ H(z)
G(z)
Fundamentals >> Signals
• Broad definition: Functions of independent variables.
– Examples: music, velocity of some car, your cash, voltage or
current in a circuit, your body temperature, your heart’s
blood pumping rate..
• Signals can be functions of single or multiple
independent variables .
• We will only deal with signals that are functions of
single independent variable, particularly time t.
Fundamentals >> Signals (cont’d)
• Signals can be:
– Discrete x[n], n is integer.
– Continuous x(t), t is real.
• Signals can be represented in mathematical form:
– x(t) = et, x[n] = n/2
0 ,t 5
– y(t) = 2
t ,t 5
• Discrete signals can also be represented as sequences:
– {y[n]} = {…,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,…}
• Exercise: Represent the above signals in graphical
form.
Fundamentals >> Systems
• System is a black box that transforms input signals to output
signals.
– Discrete-Time System: Input and output signals are discrete.
x[n] y[n]
H
– Continuous-Time System: Input and output signals are continuous.
x(t) y(t)
H
– Combination is also possible, e.g. analog-to-digital or digital-to-analog
converters.
Power and Energy of Signals
• Energy: accumulation of absolute of the signal
T
E lim x(t ) dt x(t )
2 2
dt
T
T
N
E lim x[n] x[n]
2 2
N
n N
• Power: average of absolute of the signal
T
1 E
P lim T x(t ) dt Tlim
2
T 2T 2T
1 N
E
P lim x[n] lim
2
N 2 N 1 N 2 N 1
n N
Power and Energy of Signals (cont’d)
• Energy signal iff 0<E<, and so P=0.
– e.g: 0, t 0
x(t ) t
e , t 0
• Power signal iff 0<P<, and so E=.
– e.g: {x[n]} ... 1,1, 1,1,1,1...}
• Neither energy nor power, when both E and P are infinite.
– e.g: x(t ) et
• Exercise: Calculate power and energy for the above signals.
Transformations of Time Variable
• Three possible time transformations:
– Time Flip (or reverse): x(-t), x[-n]
• Flips the signal over the vertical axis.
– Time Shift: x(t+a), x[n+a]
• On horizontal axis, shifts to the right when a<0, shifts to the left when
a>0.
– Time Scale: x(at), x[an] for a>0.
• On horizontal axis, scales the signal length down when a>1, scales it
up when a<1.
Transformations of Time Variable (cont’d)
• Time-flip example:
x(t) x(-t)
1 1
t t
-2 -1 1 2
• Time-shift example:
x(t-1) x(t+1)
1 1
t t
-2 -1 1 -3 -2 -1
Transformations of Time Variable (cont’d)
• Time-scale example:
x(2t) x(t/2)
1 1
t t
-1 -1/2 -4 -3 -2 -1
• Combinations are possible:
x(-2t) x(-t+3)
1 1
t t
-1 -1/2 1 2 3 4 5 6
Transformations of Time Variable (cont’d)
• Be careful when combining the transformations.
– e.g. x(-t+3) = x1(t-3) where x1(t)= x(-t) or
x(-t+3) = x2(-t) where x2(t)= x(t-3)
• Given y(t) below, find y(-3t+6) in different orders:
flip/shift/scale flip/scale/shift, shift/flip/scale.
y(t)
2
t
1 2 3
-2
Even and Odd Signals
• x[n] is even, if x[n]=x[-n]
• x[n] is odd, if x[-n]=-x[n]
• Any signal x[n] can be divided into two parts:
– Ev{x[n]} = (x[n]+x[-n])/2
– Od{x[n]} = (x[n]-x[-n])/2
• The arguments above are also valid for continuous signals.
• Exercise: Divide the following signals into even and odd parts:
x[n] y(t)
1 1
n t
… -2 -1 1 2… -1 1
-1
Unit Step
• Discrete Unit Step u[n]
1 ,n 0 1
– u[n]=
0 ,n 0
n
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
• Discrete Shifted Unit Step u[n-k]
1 ,n k 1
– u[n-k]=
0 ,n k
n
-1 1 … k
Unit Step (cont’d)
• Continuous Unit Step u(t)
1 ,t 0 1
– u(t)=
0 ,t 0
t
• Continuous Shifted Unit Step
u(t- )
1 ,t 1
– u(t-)=
0 ,t
t
Unit Step (cont’d)
• Continuous Unit Step is discontinuous at t=0, so is not
differentiable!
• Define delayed unit step: u(t)
1 ,t / 2 1
u (t ) 0 ,t / 2 t
t 1 , otherwise
2 2
2
• u(t) is continuous and differentiable. 1
du (t ) , / 2 t / 2
u (t ) lim u (t )
0 dt , otherwise
0
Unit Impulse
• Discrete Unit Impulse [n]
1 ,n 0 1
[ n]
0 ,n 0
n
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
• Discrete Shifted Unit Impulse [n-k]
1
1 ,n k
[n k ] n
0 ,n k -1 1 … k
Unit Impulse (cont’d)
• Properties of discrete Unit Impulse functions:
[n] u[n] u[n 1]
n
u[n] [k ]
k
x[n] [n] x[0] [n]
x[n] [n k ] x[k ] [n k ]
x[n] x[k ] [n k ]
k
Unit Impulse (cont’d)
(t)
• Continuous Unit Impulse:
,t 0 1/
(t ) t
0 , t 0
2 2
(t )dt 1
(t)
1 0
du (t ) , t
(t ) lim 2 2 t
0 dt 0 , otherwise
Unit Impulse (cont’d)
(t-)
• Continuous Shifted Unit Impulse:
t
• Properties of continuous unit impulse:
du (t )
(t )
dt
t
u (t ) ( )d
x(t ) x( ) (t )d
(t ) (t )
x(t ) (t ) x(0) (t )
x(t ) (t ) x( ) (t )
Exercises
• Calculate the following expressions:
10 10
nu[n] n [n 2k ]
n n k 0
10
t (u(t ) (t 15))dt
• Sketch the following signals:
x[n] (1 n)u[n] nu[n 3]
x(t ) (t 2)u (t ) t (u (t 4) u (t 6) u (t 8))
• Sketch derivative of x(t), i.e. dx(t)/dt.
Signals as Step Functions
x(t) y(t)
c 1
t t
a b -1 1
z(t) w(t)
2
1
1 t t
-1 -2 -1 1
2
Signals as Step Functions (cont’d)
x[n]
1
n
-1 1 … N
y[n]
1
n
… -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5…
Exercises on Unit Step and Impulse
• Evaluate the following expressions:
t t
(cos )u ( )d (cos ) ( )d
1
1
(t )d
• Sketch derivative of the following signals:
y(t) z(t)
1 1
t t
-1 1 -1 1
