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Introduction To Ordinary Differential Equations: Dr. Waqas Aleem Assistant Professor (MNS-UET, Multan)

This document provides an introduction to ordinary differential equations. It defines differential equations and gives examples of first, second, and third order ordinary differential equations. It also discusses partial differential equations, the order and degree of differential equations, and classifies equations as linear or non-linear. Finally, it covers homogeneous and non-homogeneous equations, and discusses the general forms of first and second order ordinary differential equations as well as nth order linear differential equations.

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Sehry Syed
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69 views

Introduction To Ordinary Differential Equations: Dr. Waqas Aleem Assistant Professor (MNS-UET, Multan)

This document provides an introduction to ordinary differential equations. It defines differential equations and gives examples of first, second, and third order ordinary differential equations. It also discusses partial differential equations, the order and degree of differential equations, and classifies equations as linear or non-linear. Finally, it covers homogeneous and non-homogeneous equations, and discusses the general forms of first and second order ordinary differential equations as well as nth order linear differential equations.

Uploaded by

Sehry Syed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Ordinary

Differential Equations

Dr. Waqas Aleem


Assistant Professor (MNS-UET, Multan)
ordinary differential equations
Definition:
A differential equation is an equation containing an unknown
function and its derivatives.
dy
Examples: 1.  2x  3
dx
d2y dy
2.
2
 3  ay  0
dx dx
4
d 3 y  dy 
3.     6y  3
 dx 
3
dx

y is dependent variable and x is independent variable,


and these are ordinary differential equations
Partial Differential Equation

Examples:  2u  2u
1.  2 0
x 2
y
u is dependent variable and x and y are independent
variables, and is partial differential equation.

 4u  4u
2.  4 0
x 4
t
 2 u  2 u u
3.
 2 
x 2
t t

u is dependent variable and x and t are independent variables


Order of Differential Equation

The order of the differential equation is order of the highest


derivative in the differential equation.

Differential Equation ORDER


dy 1
 2x  3
dx
d2y dy
2
 3  9y  0 2
dx dx
4
d 3 y  dy  3
    6y  3
 dx 
3
dx
Degree of Differential Equation

The degree of a differential equation is power of the highest


order derivative term in the differential equation.

Differential Equation Degree

d2y dy
2
 3  ay  0 1
dx dx
4
d 3 y  dy 
    6y  3 1
 dx 
3
dx

3
 d 2 y   dy 
5

 2      3  0 3
 dx   dx 
Linear Differential Equation
A differential equation is linear, if
1. dependent variable and its derivatives are of degree one,
2. coefficients of a term does not depend upon dependent
variable.

Example: d2y dy
1. 2
 3  9 y  0.
dx dx
is linear.

Example: 2. 4
d 3 y  dy 
    6y  3
 dx 
3
dx
is non - linear because in 2nd term is not of degree one.
Example: 3. d2y dy
x2
 y  x 3

dx 2 dx
is non - linear because in 2nd term coefficient depends on y.

dy
Example: 4.  sin y
dx
y3
is non - linear because sin y  y   is non – linear
3!

First order linear differential equations occasionally arise in


chemical engineering problems in the field of heat transfer,
momentum transfer and mass transfer.
Classify Each Differential Equation:

It is Ordinary/partial Differential equation of order… and of degree…, it is


linear / non linear, with independent variable…, and dependent variable….
Homogeneous and Non-Homogeneous
Differential Equation:
Every term in the equation contains either the dependent variable or
one of its derivatives.

d2y dy
2
 3  9 y  0.
dx dx

Nonhomogeneous differential equations are the same as homogeneous


differential equations, except they can have terms involving only x (and
constants) on the right side, as in this equation

dy
 2x  3
dx
1st – order differential equation
1. Derivative form:

a1  x   a 0  x  y  g  x 
dy
dx
2. Differential form:

1  xdy  ydx  0
.

3. General form:
dy
dy
 f ( x, y ) or f ( x, y, )  0.
dx dx

10
Second order Ordinary Differential Equation

11
nth – Order Linear Differential
Equation
1. nth – order linear differential equation with constant coefficients.

dny d n 1 y d2y
 a0 y  g x 
dy
a n n  a n 1 n 1  ....  a 2 2  a1
dx dx dx dx

2. nth – order linear differential equation with variable coefficients

d n1 y d2y
a n x   a n 1 x       a0 x  y  g x 
dy dy
n
 ......  a 2 x 2
 a1 x
dx dx dx dx

12

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