Introduction

COE 301
Computer Organization
Prof. Muhamed Mudawar
Computer Engineering Department
King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals
 Presentation Outline

 Welcome to COE 301

 Assembly-, Machine-, and High-Level Languages

 Classes of Computers

 Technology Improvements

 Programmer's View of a Computer System

Introduction COE 301 – Computer Organization - KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide 2

 Welcome to COE 301
 Instructor: Dr. Muhamed F. Mudawar

 Office: Building 22, Room 410-2

 Office Phone: 4642

 Schedule and Office Hours:

 http://faculty.kfupm.edu.sa/coe/mudawar/schedule/

 Course Web Page:

 http://faculty.kfupm.edu.sa/coe/mudawar/coe301/

 Email:
 [email protected]
Introduction COE 301 – Computer Organization - KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide 3
 Which Textbook will be Used?

 Computer Organization & Design:

The Hardware/Software Interface

 Fifth Edition, 2013

 David Patterson and John Hennessy

 Morgan Kaufmann

 Read the textbook in addition to slides

Introduction COE 301 – Computer Organization - KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide 4

 Grading Policy
 MIPS Programming 8%

 Quizzes 12%

 Lab Work 10%

 CPU Design Project 15%

 Midterm Exam 25%

 Final Exam 30%

 No makeup will be given for missing exam or quiz

Introduction COE 301 – Computer Organization - KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide 5

 Software Tools
 MIPS Simulators
 MARS: MIPS Assembly and Runtime Simulator
 Runs MIPS-32 assembly language programs

 Website: http://courses.missouristate.edu/KenVollmar/MARS/

 SPIM
 Also Runs MIPS-32 assembly language programs

 Website: http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~larus/spim.html

 CPU Design and Simulation Tool

 Logisim
 Educational tool for designing and simulating CPUs

 Website: http://ozark.hendrix.edu/~burch/logisim/

Introduction COE 301 – Computer Organization - KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide 6

 Course Learning Outcomes
 Towards the end of this course, you should be able to …
 Describe the instruction set architecture of a processor
 Analyze, write, and test assembly language programs
 Describe organization/operation of integer & floating-point units
 Design the datapath and control of a single-cycle CPU
 Design the datapath/control of a pipelined CPU & handle hazards
 Describe the organization/operation of memory and caches
 Analyze the performance of processors and caches

 Required Background
 Ability to program confidently in Java or C
 Ability to design a combinational and sequential circuit
Introduction COE 301 – Computer Organization - KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide 7
 Next . . .

 Welcome to COE 301

 Assembly-, Machine-, and High-Level Languages

 Classes of Computers

 Technology Improvements

 Programmer's View of a Computer System

Introduction COE 301 – Computer Organization - KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide 8

 Some Important Questions to Ask

 What is Assembly Language?

 What is Machine Language?

 How is Assembly related to a high-level language?

 Why Learn Assembly Language?

 What is an Assembler, Linker, and Debugger?

Introduction COE 301 – Computer Organization - KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide 9

 A Hierarchy of Languages

Application Programs

High-Level Languages
Machine independent High-Level Language
Machine specific Low-Level Language
Assembly Language

Machine Language

Hardware

Introduction COE 301 – Computer Organization - KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide 10

 Assembly and Machine Language
 Machine language
 Native to a processor: executed directly by hardware
 Instructions consist of binary code: 1s and 0s

 Assembly language
 Slightly higher-level language
 Readability of instructions is better than machine language
 One-to-one correspondence with machine language instructions

 Assemblers translate assembly to machine code

 Compilers translate high-level programs to machine code
 Either directly, or
 Indirectly via an assembler
Introduction COE 301 – Computer Organization - KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide 11
 Compiler and Assembler

Introduction COE 301 – Computer Organization - KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide 12

 Translating Languages

Program (C Language):
swap(int v[], int k) { A statement in a high-level
int temp; language is translated
temp = v[k]; typically into several
v[k] = v[k+1]; machine-level instructions
v[k+1] = temp;
}
Compiler

MIPS Assembly Language: MIPS Machine Language:

sll $2,$5, 2 00051080
Assembler
add $2,$4,$2 00821020
lw $15,0($2) 8C620000
lw $16,4($2) 8CF20004
sw $16,0($2) ACF20000
sw $15,4($2) AC620004
jr $31 03E00008

Introduction COE 301 – Computer Organization - KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide 13

 Advantages of High-Level Languages
 Program development is faster
 High-level statements: fewer instructions to code

 Program maintenance is easier

 For the same above reasons

 Programs are portable

 Contain few machine-dependent details
 Can be used with little or no modifications on different machines

 Compiler translates to the target machine language

 However, Assembly language programs are not portable

Introduction COE 301 – Computer Organization - KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide 14

 Why Learn Assembly Language?
 Many reasons:
 Accessibility to system hardware
 Space and time efficiency
 Writing a compiler for a high-level language

 Accessibility to system hardware

 Assembly Language is useful for implementing system software
 Also useful for small embedded system applications

 Programming in Assembly Language is harder

 Requires deep understanding of the processor architecture
 However, it is very rewarding to system software designers
 Adds a new perspective on how programs run on real processors

Introduction COE 301 – Computer Organization - KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide 15

 Assembly Language Programming Tools
 Editor
 Allows you to create and edit assembly language source files

 Assembler
 Converts assembly language programs into object files
 Object files contain the machine instructions

 Linker
 Combines object files created by the assembler with link libraries
 Produces a single executable program

 Debugger
 Allows you to trace the execution of a program
 Allows you to view machine instructions, memory, and registers
Introduction COE 301 – Computer Organization - KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide 16
 Assemble and Link Process
Source Object
File Assembler File

Source Object Executable

File Assembler File Linker
File

Link
Source Object
Assembler Libraries
File File

 A program may consist of multiple source files

 Assembler translates each source file into an object file
 Linker links all object files together and with link libraries
 The result executable file can run directly on the processor
Introduction COE 301 – Computer Organization - KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide 17
 MARS Assembler and Simulator Tool

Introduction COE 301 – Computer Organization - KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide 18

 MARS Assembler and Simulator Tool
 Simulates the execution of a MIPS program
 No direct execution on the underlying Intel processor

 Editor with color-coded assembly syntax

 Allows you to create and edit assembly language source files

 Assembler
 Converts MIPS assembly language programs into object files

 Console and file input/output using system calls

 Debugger
 Allows you to trace the execution of a program and set breakpoints
 Allows you to view machine instructions, edit registers and memory

 Easy to use and learn assembly language programming

Introduction COE 301 – Computer Organization - KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide 19
 Next . . .

 Welcome to COE 301

 Assembly-, Machine-, and High-Level Languages

 Classes of Computers

 Technology Improvements

 Programmer's View of a Computer System

Introduction COE 301 – Computer Organization - KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide 20

 Classes of Computers
 Personal computers
 General purpose, variety of software, subject to cost/performance

 Server computers
 Network based, high capacity, performance, and reliability
 Range from small servers to building sized

 Supercomputers
 High-end scientific and engineering calculations
 Highest capability but only a small fraction of the computer market

 Embedded computers
 Hidden as components of systems
 Stringent power/performance/cost constraints
Introduction COE 301 – Computer Organization - KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide 21
 Classes of Computers (cont'd)
 Personal Mobile Device (PMD)
 Battery operated

 Connects to the Internet

 Low price: hundreds of dollars

 Smart phones, tablets, electronic glasses

 Cloud Computing
 Warehouse Scale Computers (WSC)

 Software, Platform, and Infrastructure as a Service

 However, security concerns of storing "sensitive data" in "the cloud"

 Examples: Amazon and Google

Introduction COE 301 – Computer Organization - KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide 22

 Components of a Computer System
 Processor Computer

 Datapath and Control Memory

 Memory & Storage I/O Devices

 Main Memory Control Input
B
 Disk Storage Processor U Output
S
 Input / Output devices Datapath Disk
 User-interface devices
 Network adapters Network

 For communicating with other computers

 Bus: Interconnects processor to memory and I/O

 Essentially the same components for all kinds of computers
Introduction COE 301 – Computer Organization - KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide 23
 Fetch - Execute Cycle

Fetch instruction
Infinite Cycle implemented in Hardware

Instruction Fetch
Compute address of next instruction

Generate control signals for instruction

Instruction Decode
Read operands from registers

Execute Compute result value

Memory Access Read or write memory

Writeback Result Writeback result in a register

Introduction COE 301 – Computer Organization - KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide 24

 Clock
Operation of digital hardware is governed by a clock
Clock period

Clock (cycles)

Data transfer
and computation
Update state

 Clock period: duration of a clock cycle

 e.g., 250 ps = 0.25 ns = 0.25 ×10–9 sec

 Clock frequency (rate) = 1 / clock period

 e.g., 1/ 0.25 ×10–9 sec = 4.0×109 Hz = 4.0 GHz
Introduction COE 301 – Computer Organization - KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide 25
 Memory and Storage Devices
 Volatile Memory Devices
 RAM = Random Access Memory

 DRAM = Dynamic RAM

 Dense but must be refreshed (typical choice for main memory)

 SRAM: Static RAM

 Faster but less dense than DRAM (typical choice for cache memory)

 Non-Volatile Storage Devices

 Magnetic Disk

 Flash Memory (Solid State Disk)

 Optical Disk (CDROM, DVD)

Introduction COE 301 – Computer Organization - KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide 26
 Units for Storage and Memory

Size of disk storage Size of memory

Value = 10n (base 10) Value = 2n (base 2)

 The binary terms are used to avoid the confusion with the
commonly used decimal terms. The size of memory is 2n
because the memory address is an n-bit binary number.
Introduction COE 301 – Computer Organization - KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide 27
 Next . . .

 Welcome to COE 301

 Assembly-, Machine-, and High-Level Languages

 Classes of Computers

 Technology Improvements

 Programmer's View of a Computer System

Introduction COE 301 – Computer Organization - KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide 28

 Technology Trends
 Electronic Technology continues to improve
 Increased capacity
 Performance
 Reduced cost
 DRAM capacity
DRAM capacity
 4X every 3 years
 Slowed down to 2X

Year Technology Relative performance/cost

1951 Vacuum tube 1
1965 Transistor 35
1975 Integrated circuit (IC) 900
1995 Very large scale IC (VLSI) 2,400,000
2013 Ultra large scale IC 250,000,000,000
Introduction COE 301 – Computer Organization - KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide 29
 Chip Manufacturing Process

20-30 cm diameter < 1 mm thick

30-60 cm long

Cost of a wafer fab (fabrication) is estimated at over $10 billion

Introduction COE 301 – Computer Organization - KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide 30
 Wafer of Intel Core i7 Processors
 Wafer = 30 cm in diameter
 Die size = 216 mm2
 Quad-Core i7 + GPU
 1.2 billion transistors per die
 32 nm technology
 Smallest feature size = 32nm
 Size of a transistor gate

 Dies per wafer = 280

 Number is reduced after testing
 Rounded dies at boundary are useless

Introduction COE 301 – Computer Organization - KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide 31

 Example of a Quad-Core Die
Intel core i7 Die (4 processor cores), 3 levels of caches
The L1 and L2 caches are private and exist in each core
The L3 cache is shared by all cores
Memory Controller
Misc I/O

Misc I/O
Core 1 Core 2 Core 3 Core 4
QP Interconnect

QP Interconnect
Shared L3 Cache

Introduction COE 301 – Computer Organization - KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide 32

 Next . . .

 Welcome to COE 301

 Assembly-, Machine-, and High-Level Languages

 Classes of Computers

 Technology Improvements

 Programmer's View of a Computer System

Introduction COE 301 – Computer Organization - KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide 33

 Programmer’s View of a Computer System

Application Programs
Level 5
Increased level
High-Level Language
of abstraction
Software Assembly Language Level 4

Operating System
Level 3

Interface Instruction Set

SW & HW Architecture Level 2

Microarchitecture Level 1 Each level hides

Hardware the details of the
Physical Design level below it
Level 0

Introduction COE 301 – Computer Organization - KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide 34

 Programmer's View (cont'd)
 Application Programs (Level 5)
 Written in high-level programming languages
 Such as Java, C++, Pascal, Visual Basic . . .
 Programs compile into assembly language level (Level 4)

 Assembly Language (Level 4)

 Instruction mnemonics (symbols) are used
 Have one-to-one correspondence to machine language
 Calls functions written at the operating system level (Level 3)
 Programs are translated into machine language (Level 2)

 Operating System (Level 3)

 Provides services to level 4 and 5 programs
 Translated to run at the machine instruction level (Level 2)
Introduction COE 301 – Computer Organization - KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide 35
 Programmer's View (cont'd)
 Instruction Set Architecture (Level 2)
 Interface between software and hardware
 Specifies how a processor functions
 Machine instructions, registers, and memory are exposed
 Machine language is executed by Level 1 (microarchitecture)

 Microarchitecture (Level 1)
 Controls the execution of machine instructions (Level 2)
 Implemented by digital logic

 Physical Design (Level 0)

 Implements the microarchitecture at the transistor-level
 Physical layout of circuits on a chip

Introduction COE 301 – Computer Organization - KFUPM © Muhamed Mudawar – slide 36