“LAPLACE TRANSFORM &

APPLICATION”
- GUIDED BY
- DR. JAYDEEPSINH M. BARAD & PROF. HITESH R. RAMCHANDANI

SR NO ENROLLMENT NO. NAME

1 160840105001 Desai Abhinav
2 160840105005 Bhalu Amit
3 160840105017 Kacha Utsav
4 160840105028 Parekh Yash
5 160840105037 Patel Jay
 Topic:-
 Introduction
 Definition
 Laplace transform of a few basic functions
 Laplace transforms of various functions (t>0)
 Laplace Transform of derivatives
 Laplace transform of integrals
 Final value theorem
 Initial value theorem
 Application
 Introduction :
 Laplace Transform enables one to get a very simple and
elegant method of solving linear differential equation by
transforming them into algebraic equations.
 It is well known that chemical processes are
mathematically represented through a set of differential
equations involving derivatives of process states.
 Analytical solution of such mathematical models in time
domain is not only difficult but sometimes impossible
without taking the help of numerical techniques.
 Laplace Transform comes as a good aid in this situation.
For this reason, Laplace Transform has been included in
the text of this “Process Control” course material though
it is purely a mathematical subject.
 Definition of Laplace Transform :
 Consider a function f(t). The Laplace transform of
the function is represented by f(s) and defined by
the following expression:

 Hence, the Laplace Transform is a transformation

of a function from the t -domain (time domain) to
s -domain (Laplace domain) where both t and s
are independent variables.
 Laplace transform of a few basic
functions :

1.Step function

𝐴 𝑡>0
 f(t) = ቊ
0 𝑡<0
∞ 𝐴 −𝑠𝑡 ∞ 𝐴
 L{f(t)} = ‫׬‬0 𝐴𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 =
−𝑠
[𝑒 ] 0 =
𝑠
Hence,
𝐴
 L{step function of magnitude A} =
𝑠
2.Ramp function

 f(t) = at for t>0 where a is a constant

∞
 L{f(t)} = ‫ 𝑒𝑡𝑎 ׬‬−𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0
𝑎𝑡 −𝑠𝑡 ∞ 𝑎 1 −𝑠𝑡 ∞
=[ 𝑒 ] 0 + (−0 +0+ [ 𝑒 ]0
−𝑠 𝑠 −𝑠
𝑎
= 2
𝑠
𝑎
 Hence, L{f(t)} = 2
𝑠
3. Exponential function
 f(t) = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 t > 0 where a is constant
∞ −𝑎𝑡 −𝑠𝑡
 L{f(t)} = ‫𝑒 ׬‬ 𝑒 dt
0
−(𝑠+𝑎)𝑡
=𝑒 dt
𝑒 −(𝑠+𝑎)𝑡 ∞
=[ ]0
−(𝑠+𝑎)
1
=
𝑠+𝑎
−𝑎𝑡 1
 Hence L{𝑒 } =
𝑠+𝑎
4.Sinusoidal function
 f(t) = sin(𝜔𝑡)
∞
 L{f(t)} = ‫ ׬‬sin(𝜔𝑡) 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 dt
0
∞ 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 −𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡 −𝑠𝑡
=‫׬‬0 𝑒 dt
2𝑗
1 𝑒 −(𝑠−𝑗𝜔) 𝑒 −(𝑠+𝑗𝜔) ∞
= −
2𝑗 −(𝑠−𝑗𝜔) −(𝑠+𝑗𝜔) 0
1 1 1
= ( - )
2𝑗 (𝑠−𝑗𝜔) (𝑠+𝑗𝜔)
𝜔
L{f(t)} = 2 2
𝑠 +𝜔
5.Pulse function
 The area under the pulse function is 1 the
duration of pulse is T and hence it achieves
maximum intensity of 1/T thus,
0, 𝑡<0  It can also defined as the “addition” of
1 two step function which are equal but
 𝑓 𝑡 = ൞𝑇 , 0 < 𝑡 < 𝑇
whit opposite intensity, however , the
0, 𝑡>𝑇 second function delayed by T.
0, 𝑡 < 0 0, 𝑡 < 𝑇
 f(t)=f1(t)+f2(t) 𝑓1 𝑡 = ൝1
, 𝑡>0
𝑓2 𝑡 = ൝ 1
−𝑇, 𝑡 > 𝑇
𝑇
 Hence f2(t) is equal to –f1(t) in intensity however it’s delayed by
time T
 Thus, f(t)=f1(t) - f1(t-T). Since f1(t) is a step function of intensity 1/T.
1 1
𝑇 −𝑠𝑡 𝑇 −𝑠𝑡 1 (1− 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡)
 L{f(t)} = -𝑒 = (1- 𝑒 ) =
𝑠 𝑠 𝑇𝑠 𝑇𝑠
 6.Impulse function
 This is analogous to a pulse function whose
duration is shrinked to zero without losing the
strength. Hence the area under the impulse
remains 1.
 As the duration of the impulse tends to zero, its
∞, 𝑡 = 0 maximum intensity ideally tends to ∞.
 𝑓 𝑥 =ቊ
0, 𝑡 ≠ 0 Mathematically it is termed as Dirac Delta function
∞ and is represented as 𝛿(𝑡). The following relation
 ‫ = 𝑡𝑑 𝑡 𝛿 ׬‬1
−∞ holds for unit impulse:

 Thus the Laplace transform of the impulse function can be derive as

the following:
1−𝑒 −𝑇𝑠
L{impulse function}=lim L{pulse function} = lim
𝑇→0 𝑇→0 𝑇𝑠
𝑑/𝑑𝑡(1−𝑒 −𝑇𝑠 ) −(−𝑠)𝑒 −𝑇𝑠
= lim = lim =1
𝑇→0 𝑑/𝑑𝑡(𝑇𝑠) 𝑇→0 𝑠

 L’hospital’s rule has been applied in the above derivation. Hence,

L{impulse function}= 1
 Laplace transforms of various functions (t>0)
 The following table represents the Laplace transforms of various
functions.

Function in time domain Laplace Transform

Unit impulse 1
Unit impulse of duration T 1 − 𝑒 −𝑇𝑠
𝑇𝑠
Unit step 1
𝑠
Ramp : f(t)=at 𝑎
𝑠2
𝑡𝑛 𝑛!
𝑠 𝑛+1
𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 1
𝑠+𝑎
𝑡 𝑛 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑛!
(𝑠 + 𝑎)𝑛+1
sin𝜔𝑡 𝜔
𝑠2 + 𝜔2
 The following table represents the Laplace transforms of various
functions.

Function in time domain Laplace Transform

cos𝜔𝑡 𝑠
𝑠2 + 𝜔2
sinh𝜔𝑡 𝜔
𝑠2 − 𝜔2

cosh𝜔𝑡 𝑠
𝑠2 − 𝜔2
𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 sin𝜔𝑡 𝜔
(𝑠 + 𝑎)2 +𝜔 2
𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 cos𝜔𝑡 𝑠+𝑎
(𝑠 + 𝑎)2 +𝜔 2
 Laplace Transform of derivatives
 The Laplace transform of derivatives of a function f(t) is
derived as the following manner:
𝑑𝑓(𝑡) ∞ 𝑑𝑓(𝑡) −𝑠𝑡
 L = ‫׬‬0 𝑒 dt
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∞
= 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 f(t) ∞
0
+ ‫׬‬0
𝑠𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 f(t)dt

∞
= [0- f(0)] + s ‫׬‬0 𝑓(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 dt
= s f(s) – f(0)
 Where F(0) is the value of the function at t=0 in genral it
can be proved that
𝑑 𝑛 𝑓(𝑡)
 L = 𝑠 𝑛 f(s) - 𝑠 𝑛−1 f(0) - 𝑠 𝑛−2 f(0)- … - s𝑓 𝑛−2 (0) 𝑓 𝑛−1 (0)
𝑑𝑡 𝑛

 where f’(0),f’’(0)… 𝑓 𝑛−2 (0) , 𝑓 𝑛−1 (0) are the initial

condition of the respective order derivatives of the
function.
 Laplace Transform of integrals
 The Laplace transform of integral of a function f(t) is derived
as the following manner:
𝑡 ∞ 𝑡
 L ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ‫׬‬0 ‫׬‬0 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 dt
 Integrate by parts by considering the following :
𝑡
 u = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 and v = ‫׬‬0 𝑓(𝑡)dt. Then, du = -s𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 dt and dv =
f(t)dt, hence
𝑡 ∞ 𝑡
 L ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ‫׬‬0 ‫׬‬0 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 dt
1 ∞
= - ‫׬‬0 𝑣𝑑𝑢
𝑠
1 ∞
= - [[vu]∞ -
0 ‫׬‬0
𝑢𝑑𝑣]
𝑠
1 ∞ ∞ ∞
= - 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 0
− ‫׬‬0 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 dt
𝑠
1
= - { [0 – 0 ] - f(s) }
𝑠
1
= f(s)
𝑠
 Initial value problem
 The initial value theorem allows one to compute the value the a
function approaches as t 0 when its Laplace transform is
known
 lim 𝑓 𝑡 = lim{𝑠𝑓 𝑠 }
𝑡→0 𝑡→0

 Final value problem

 The Final value theorem allows one to compute the value the a
function approaches as t ∞ when its Laplace transform is
known
 lim 𝑓 𝑡 = lim {𝑠𝑓 𝑠 }
𝑡→∞ 𝑡→∞
 Application
• Laplace Transforms are put to incredible amount of use in solving
differential equations and in circuit analysis which involves the
components like resistors, inductors and capacitors. Most often, during
circuit analysis, the time domain equations are first written and then
Laplace Transform of the time domain equation is taken to convert it to its
frequency domain equivalent. However, it is also possible to convert the
circuit impedance into its frequency domain equivalent and then proceed,
both of which produce the same result.