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Per Unit System Lecture Notes

Here are the key steps to solve this problem using per-unit quantities: 1. Choose a base MVA, voltage bases and calculate the impedance bases 2. Convert all impedances to per-unit values using the appropriate voltage bases 3. Calculate the sending end voltage of each component in per-unit 4. Use Ohm's law to calculate the current through each component in per-unit 5. Calculate the receiving end voltage of each component in per-unit 6. Convert the final load voltage and current to actual values using the voltage base 7. Calculate the load power in kW from the actual voltage and current Let me know if you would like me to show the full calculations. The

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Mukasa Mercy Peter
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813 views22 pages

Per Unit System Lecture Notes

Here are the key steps to solve this problem using per-unit quantities: 1. Choose a base MVA, voltage bases and calculate the impedance bases 2. Convert all impedances to per-unit values using the appropriate voltage bases 3. Calculate the sending end voltage of each component in per-unit 4. Use Ohm's law to calculate the current through each component in per-unit 5. Calculate the receiving end voltage of each component in per-unit 6. Convert the final load voltage and current to actual values using the voltage base 7. Calculate the load power in kW from the actual voltage and current Let me know if you would like me to show the full calculations. The

Uploaded by

Mukasa Mercy Peter
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PER UNIT SYSTEM

Per unit system


 A key problem in analyzing power systems is the large number of
transformers.
– It would be very difficult to continually have to refer impedances to the
different sides of the transformers
This problem is avoided by a normalization of all variables.

This normalization is known as per unit analysis

In power system analysis, it is common practice to use per-unit


quantities for analyzing and communicating voltages, current, power,
and impedance values.
Per unit system
 These per-unit quantities are normalized or scaled on a selected
base, allowing engineers to simplify power system calculations with
multiple voltage transformations

Therefore;

actual quantity
quantity in per unit 
base value of quantity
Per Unit Conversion Procedure
Pick a 1f VA base for the entire system, SB

Pick a voltage base for each different voltage level, VB. Voltage bases
are related by transformer turns ratios. Voltages are line to neutral.

Calculate the impedance base, ZB= (VB)2/SB

Calculate the current base, IB = VB/ZB

Convert actual values to per unit


Per unit system
Note:
 Per unit conversion affects magnitudes,

Angles are not affected

If the nominal value is chosen as the base voltage, a “normal” voltage
value will be close to 1.0 p.u

 Also, per unit quantities no longer have units (i.e., a voltage is 1.0 p.u.
volts) except under certain conditions
Advantages of per unit system
ordinary parameters vary considerably with variation of physical size,
terminal voltage and power rating etc. while per unit parameters are
independent of these quantities over a wide range of the same type of
apparatus. In other words, the per unit impedance values for the
apparatus of like ratings lie within a narrow range

It provide more meaningful information.

The chance of confusion between line and phase values in a three-


phase balanced system is reduced. A per unit phase quantity has the
same numerical value as the corresponding per unit line quantity
regardless of the three-phase connection whether star or delta.
Advantages of per unit system cont’d
Impedances of machines are specified by the manufacturer in terms of
per unit values.
The per unit impedance referred to either side of a single-phase
transformer is the same.
 The per unit impedance referred to either side of a three -phase
transformer is the same regardless of the connection whether they are
∆-∆, Y-Y or ∆-Y.
The computation effort in power system is very much reduced with the
use of per unit quantities.
 Usually, the per unit quantities being of the order of unity or less can
easily be handled with a digital computer. Manual calculation are also
simplified. Per unit quantities simply theoretical deduction and give
them more generalizes forms.
example
Example: nominal voltage at bus bar A is 132 kV and actual voltage at
A is 127 kV. The per unit voltage at A is:

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑉
 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑝. 𝑢 =
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑘𝑉

𝑝𝑢 127𝑘𝑉
𝑉 = = 0.96 𝑃𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
132𝑘𝑉
Rules for Choosing Base Values

 Choose ONE base power for the entire system


Arbitrary choice
Commensurate with the system

e.g. 400V use 100kVA or 1MVA, 11kV use 10MVA,


 132KV use 100MVA, 400kV use 1000MVA
 Choice also depends on rating of generators/transformers

 e.g. commercial/industrial building = mainly 400V use 100kVA


 distribution utility = mainly 11kV use 10MVA
Rules for Choosing Base Values cont’d
Choose ONE base voltage for voltage level “of most interest”
Choose the nominal voltage,
Each voltage level must have one base voltage, between two base voltages
the connecting transformer turns ratio must be maintained

Other base values chosen to get the same relations between per unit
quantities as between actual quantities – electrical laws (ohms
law,….) will not be broken under per unit system

With the base power and base Voltage determined, the base current
and base impedance can be calculated
Rules for Choosing Base Values cont’d
• That is;
𝑆𝐵
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐼𝐵 =
𝑉𝐵

𝑉𝐵 𝑉𝐵2
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑍𝐵 = =
𝐼𝐵 𝑆𝐵
• For a three phase system,
Per unit example

• Solve for the current, load voltage and load power in the circuit
shown below using per unit analysis with an SB of 100 MVA, and
voltage bases of 8 kV, 80 kV and 16 kV, respectively.
Per unit example cont’d
82 (kV) 2
Z BLeft   0.64
100MVA
802 (kV) 2
Z BMiddle   64
100MVA
162 (kV) 2
Right
ZB   2.56
100MVA

Same circuit, with


values expressed
in per unit
Per unit example cont’d

1.00
I   0.22  30.8 p.u. (not amps)
3.91  j 2.327
VL  1.00  0.22  30.8 
    p.u.
2
VL
SL  
VL I L*  0.189 p.u.
Z
SG  1.00 0.2230.8  30.8p.u.
Per unit example cont’d
To convert back to actual values just multiply the
per unit values by their per unit base

V LActual  0.859  30.8 16 kV  13.7  30.8 kV


S LActual  0.1890 100 MVA  18.90 MVA
SGActual  0.2230.8 100 MVA  22.030.8 MVA
100 MVA
I BMiddle   1250 Amps
80 kV
Actual
I Middle  0.22  30.8  275  30.8
Calculation in 3 phase “Homework”
Solve for the current, load voltage and load power in the
previous circuit, assuming:
–a 3f power base of 300 MVA,
–and line to line voltage bases of 13.8 kV, 138 kV and 27.6 kV
–the generator is Y-connected so its line to line voltage is 13.8 kV.
Change of MVA Base in per unit
 Parameters for equipment are often given using power rating of equipment
as the MVA base
 To analyze a system all per unit data must be on a common power base

OriginalBase
Z pu  Z actual  NewBase
Z pu
2 2
Vbase Vbase
Hence OriginalBase
Z pu  OriginalBase
/ NewBase
 NewBase
Z pu
S Base S Base
NewBase
S
ZOriginalBase
pu  Base
OriginalBase
 Z NewBase
pu
S Base
example
 Example: A 350 MVA, 230/20 kV transformer has leakage reactance
of 10%. What is p.u. value on 100 MVA base? What is value in
ohms (230 kV)?
100
X e  0.10   0.0286 p.u.
350
2
230
0.0286   15.1 
100
• In general for change of MVA base,

• In cases where the new base Voltage equates to the old base voltage,
then;
Calculation example questions

• A 3phase two winding transformer is rated at 75MVA,


11.8/145kV, 50Hz and the equivalent leakage impedance
referred to the 11.8kV
• Using the transformer ratings as base values, determine the
per-unit leakage impedances referred to the 11.8kV winding and
the 145kV winding.
• winding is Zeq = 0.22Ω
Example question 2
For the power network shown below calculate using per-unit
quantities the voltage in kV, the current in kA and the power in kW
received by the load

• G1 = synchronous generator = 75MVA, 11.8kV, sync reactance Xd = j1.83 p.u.


• T1 = generator transformer = 75MVA, 11.8kV/145kV X = j0.125 p.u.
• L1 = 132kV transmission line: Z = 0.18 + j0.40 Ω/km, length = 20km.
• T2 = step-down transformer = 45MVA, 132kV/11kV, X = j0.125 p.u.
• ZL = 11kV load = 10MVA, cosɸ = 0.8 (lagging).

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