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Steel Reinforcement

This document discusses steel reinforcement in concrete structures. The key points are: 1) Steel reinforcement is used to compensate for concrete's weakness in tension by placing steel in areas with tensile forces. This allows the concrete to resist compression forces. 2) Reinforcing bars are the primary means of reinforcement and their purpose is to reduce cracking from tensile stresses. Proper anchorage and development length of the bars is required. 3) Development length refers to the minimum embedment length needed to develop the full tensile capacity of a reinforcing bar within the concrete. This length depends on factors like bar size and concrete quality.

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Vannah Elyssa Austria
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1K views

Steel Reinforcement

This document discusses steel reinforcement in concrete structures. The key points are: 1) Steel reinforcement is used to compensate for concrete's weakness in tension by placing steel in areas with tensile forces. This allows the concrete to resist compression forces. 2) Reinforcing bars are the primary means of reinforcement and their purpose is to reduce cracking from tensile stresses. Proper anchorage and development length of the bars is required. 3) Development length refers to the minimum embedment length needed to develop the full tensile capacity of a reinforcing bar within the concrete. This length depends on factors like bar size and concrete quality.

Uploaded by

Vannah Elyssa Austria
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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STEEL REINFORCEMENT

 For most structural applications of concrete, it is necessary to


compensate for the weakness of the material in resisting
tension. The basic theory of concrete reinforcing is: Put the
steel where there are tensile forces in a structural member,
and let the concrete resist the compression.
 The primary means of accomplishing this is to use steel
reinforcing bars. The essential purpose of steel reinforcement
is to reduce the cracking of the concrete due to tensile
stresses.
− A more recent development is to add fibrous materials to the concrete
mix to alter the properties of the basic material.
 In some situations, steel reinforcement may also be used to
increase compressive resistance since the ratio of magnitudes
of strength of the two materials is quite high.
− Thus, the steel displaces a much weaker material and the member
gains significant strength.
ANCHORAGE and DEVELOPMENT OF REINFORCEMENT

 The nature of reinforced concrete depends primarily on the


interactive relationship between the steel reinforcing bars and
the concrete mass within which they are encased.
 Loads are basically applied to the concrete structure, that is, to
the concrete mass.
− Stress developed in the steel must be accomplished
through engagement between the steel and concrete,
which occurs at the surface of the steel bars.
 The interfacing of the steel and concrete is visualized in terms
of a stress at the bar surface, called bond stress.
 Bond stresses are developed on the surfaces of reinforcing
bars whenever some structural action requires the steel and
concrete to interact.
STRESS DEVELOPMENT IN TENSION
REINFORCEMENT
 Tension forces in reinforcement bars would pull the bars out of
the concrete if the bond between the two materials was not
sufficient.
 Bond stresses act on the surface of the steel bars, encased in
concrete, for their entire length.
 The ACI code defines development length Ld as the length of
the embedment required, in both directions from the critical
point(s), to develop the design strength of the concrete.
 Bar anchorage is a function of bar size, reinforcement surface
finishes, and concrete strength and weight.
 ACI Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete
specify a minimum length for development for uncoated
reinforcing in standard-weight concrete
 Reinforcing bars must be embedded a minimum distance into
the concrete in order to achieve the full tensile capacity, T of
the bar.
 This length is referred to as “Development Length”, Ld.
Development Length
• Ld = development length
– the shortest distance over which a bar can achieve it’s full
capacity
– The length that it takes a bar to develop its full
contribution to the moment capacity, Mn
Ld
Mn

0
Cc
Mn = (C or T)*(dist)
Ts
The development length is based upon the BOND
between the rebar and the concrete. Factors
affecting this bond include the following:
•Type of ribbing on the bar
• Presence of epoxy (or other ) coating
• Concrete quality
• Distance between bar and edge of concrete
• Type of end anchorage into the concrete
Assuming “normal” conditions, the following table
may be used to determine development lengths of
bars in tension.
Determining Ld for Compression
Bars:
The development length of bars in compression is
not as large as the development length in tension
because of the absence of tension cracking
in the concrete.
Ldc = Development length in compression
Lap Splices of Bars
 Bars are generally fabricated to lengths of about
60’-0”, but transportation, workability and other
concerns often require bars to be less than about
40’-0” long.
 For long walls, beams, slabs and other situations
requiring long lengths of bars, lap splicing is
commonly used.
 It is good practice to place laps at regions of
small tension, i.e., low moment.
Hooked and Bent Bars
 Hooks are used in concrete members where
there is not sufficient straight length to achieve
the full development length Ld.

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