ARA 91 – PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE 1

 Unit 1 – Introduction to architectural profession – Importance

of architectural profession – Roles of architect in society –
Alternatives open on entering the profession – Registration of
architects – Architects office and management
 Unit 2 – Professional ethics and code of conduct – Role of IIA –
Architects Act 1972 – Roles and Functions of COA – Importance
of ethics in professional practice – code of conduct for
architects as per COA
 Unit 3 – Architects’ services & scale of fees – Mode of engaging
an architect – comprehensive services, partial and specialized
services – scope of work of an architect/schedule of services –
COA norms on fees, T&C of engagement
 Unit 4 – Architectural Competitions – Importance of
architectural competitions – types of competitions – COA
guidelines
 Unit 5 – Legal Aspects & Legislation – Copyrights, Patenting,
Easements and CMDA, DCR and Panchayat Rules
 1.1 – Importance of architectural profession
 1.2 – Role of architects in society – Alternatives
open on entering the profession
 1.3 – Architect’s Office and its management
 Location
 Organization Structure
 Responsibility towards employees, consultants and
associates
 Elementary accounts
 Tax Liabilities
 Tostart off the course, let’s talk something
informal…
 Every brick wants to be something!!!
 What’s the best thing that’s ever happened to you??
 IMPORTANCE OF ARCHITECTURAL PROFESSION

“… The mother art is

architecture. Without an
architecture of our own, we
have no soul of our own
civilization…”
- F L Wright
 IMPORTANCE OF ARCHITECTURAL PROFESSION
 Develop the students understanding of professional practice
as it relates to the tasks of design, programming, site
analysis and budgeting
 Introduce the students to the role of architect in developing
comprehensive project documentation, detailing,
specifications, drawing formats and organization
 Introduce the students to the role of architect in project
design and construction, administration of the construction
contract and in the relationship with others involved with
the project
 Develop the students understanding of role and
responsibilities of the architect in professional practice
 Introduce the students to the legal aspects of PP,
establishment of architectural office and professional
licensing procedures
 Expand the students knowledge components regarding
human needs and programming
 IMPORTANCE OF ARCHITECTURAL PROFESSION
 Who is an architect???
 Plans, designs and oversees the construction of
buildings
 Provide services in connection with the design and
construction of buildings and the space within the
site surrounding the building that have human
occupancy or use
 PROFESSIONALLY – architects’ decision affect public
safety
 Architect MUST undergo specialized training
consisting of advanced education and a practicum
for practical experience to earn a license to
practice architecture
 IMPORTANCE OF ARCHITECTURAL PROFESSION
 IMPORTANCE OF ARCHITECTURAL PROFESSION
 IMPORTANCE OF ARCHITECTURAL PROFESSION
 What is happening in today’s world in an architectural
practice??
 A Report by Think Tank – Building Futures:
 Global population growth from 2000 to 2050 will rise 46% and
70% of the population will live in urban areas
 As of 2008, demand for arch services has declined 40%
 Only 50% of the arch firms interviewed have a business plan
 Areas of the profession predicted to remain relatively stable
in 2025: small local general practice, international
“starchitects”, specialist niche practices, traditional regional
delivery driven practices
 Emerging areas of practice: developing economies, global
inter-disciplinary consultancies, BOOT designers, sub-
contractors & specialists, design houses and creative
agencies
 Areas of practice most at risk: medium sized firms of 25 to
150 people and small metro boutique practices
 IMPORTANCE OF ARCHITECTURAL PROFESSION

LET’S DISCUSS…….
 IMPORTANCE OF ARCHITECTURAL PROFESSION
 IMPORTANCE OF ARCHITECTURAL PROFESSION
 The Environment
 Health
 Culture
 Identity
 The BOTTOM LINE
 IMPORTANCE OF ARCHITECTURAL PROFESSION
 The Environment – Growth of global population –
urbanization – massive challenge for humanity and
environment – game changing component of
sustainability - HOW & WHERE WE HOUSE OUR
POPULATION??
 Well designed city – reduce the need for long every day
travel
 Well designed buildings – provide energy instead of
consuming it
 Sustainable buildings – WE CAN KEEP OPTIONS FOR THE
FUTURE
 IMPORTANCE OF ARCHITECTURAL PROFESSION
 Health – Arch & UD has direct impact on our health in
several ways – emphasis physical activity in design –
harmonious workspace (allowing people to open
windows, close blinds and adjust lighting) – eliminate
workspace hazards (replace ceiling mounted bulbs with
wall mounted)
 Culture – Arch is an expression of a society’s culture
 Identity – design is perceived and regarded worldwide
comes down to the people, physical environment and
culture – How?? (Sydney Opera House) – Cities with
positive identity has good benefits
 THE BOTTOMLINE –Environmental sustainability,
improved health and a sense of culture and identity all
have direct benefits to one’s economy
 ARCHITECTURE IS FOR EVERYONE!!!
 ROLE OF ARCHITECTS IN A SOCIETY
 Architects see the big picture
 Architects are specially educated to help you define
what you want to build, present options you might
never have considered, and help you get the most
for your valuable investment
 Don’t just design four walls and roof – create total
environments, both interiors and exteriors, that are
functional and exciting places in which to work and
live
 Architects solve problems creatively
 Architects are trained problem solvers (space
enhancement & budget constraints)
 ROLE OF ARCHITECTS IN A SOCIETY
 Architects help you get the most from the construction
budget
 Architects can reduce buildings costs, reduce home’s
energy needs and increase the future resale value thru
good design
 Architects make life easier
“…Building is a long process that is often messy and
disruptive, particularly if you're living in the space while
it's under construction. Your architect represents you,
not the contractors. Your architect looks out for your
interests and smoothes the process, helps find qualified
construction contractors, and visits the worksite to help
protect you against work that's not according to plan...”
 ROLE OF ARCHITECTS IN A SOCIETY
 A: “Your grandfather looks healthy. Who treated
his illness”?
 B: “Oh ya, Dr. Smith is a great doctor. He knows
his job. He cured my grandfather like never
before.”
 A: “Your office building looks so elegant. Who
was the designer of this building?”
 B: “ Designer? Well, ummm... hmmm.... well,.....
actually, I don't know.”
(DON’T CONFINE YOURSELF WITHIN FOUR WALLS OF
ART, ARCHITECTURE, AESTHETICS & ETHICS)
 ROLE OF ARCHITECTS IN A SOCIETY
“...By participating in public life, architects
have the opportunity to improve the built
environment and the lives of those experience
it. In this capacity, architects increase their
exposure, make new contacts, learn how things
get done in the public arena, and gain
knowledge that can be helpful in serving the
client...” (William M Polk, AIA)
 ROLE OF ARCHITECTS IN A SOCIETY
 Types of Architecture
 Everyday Architecture (Bread & Butter Projects) –
houses, shops, schools etc which comprises 95% of
building stock of the nation
 Architecture for art – institutions, religious
buildings, airports etc which comprises 5% of the
total stock of the building industry
 95% architects want to work for 5% of buildings
whereas only 5% architects get the opportunity to
work for architecture for art projects
 ROLE OF ARCHITECTS IN A SOCIETY
 “Architects are admittedly a strange bee. Most
creative people are a bit strange at times.
Architects seem to thrive for a change. One
decade, they go in one direction; next decade,
they do a complete turnaround and go in the
opposite direction. This is not all bad. They are
searching for new and meaningful forms, more
economical solutions to buildings, building that
functions better and timely. Sometimes
architect has to go back to pick up good things
that were left behind. That’s human” (William
Wayne, Architecture and You)
 ROLE OF ARCHITECTS IN A SOCIETY
 Provide advice on the best ways the client can achieve
their plans within the constraints set by building
regulations and planning permission
 Shall take the correct design brief and should be able to
see the big picture. Architects shall look beyond the
immediate requirements to design flexible buildings that
will adapt to the changing needs of the project
 Shall try to involve themselves at the earliest planning
stage so that they gain more opportunities to understand
the project, develop creative solutions and propose ways
to reduce costs
 Shall include coordinating a team of specialized
consultants
 Shall create the total environment (interior + exterior)
which are pleasing and functional
 ROLE OF ARCHITECTS IN A SOCIETY
 Shall use innovation and management of new
technologies to offer client a benefit of
advancement
 Shall increase efficiency and productivity thru
continuous learning & training to keep pace with
time and survive in a competitive market
 Globalization is demanding QES in all aspects of
building process and architect shall be updated
 Shall manage and work with higher efficiency using
BIM
 Shall not only focus on their design skills but also
shall learn the management
 ROLE OF ARCHITECTS IN A SOCIETY - Contribution
 Urbanization & Cities
 Poor management of cities leads to chaos with poor
infrastructure, confusion and damaging environmental
impact
 Anticipate still more danger and chaos to our cities due to
population explosion
 Architects can become public advocate and make a
significant difference individually or thru professional
bodies
 Policies can be viewed from a different perspective and
technical suggestions can be made for public interest
during the policy making process
 Be sensitive and conscious in your practice and
participate in all the available opportunities to contribute
in making our cities more habitable and beautiful
 ROLE OF ARCHITECTS IN A SOCIETY - Contribution
 Sustainability
 Construction – biggest consumer of natural energy and
resources
 Society EXPECTS architects to understand, innovate and
take initiative in developing & recommending appropriate
materials and techniques which will optimize resources
and help our countries to be more sustainable
 Community Service
 Participate in community activities and public service
thru volunteering to several public organizations, NGO
 Apart from benefits to the community, the architect also
enhances his image and builds the goodwill for the
profession
 ROLE OF ARCHITECTS IN A SOCIETY - Contribution
 Disaster & Emergency Architecture
 Own responsibility to rehabilitate and rebuild for people
suffer during a natural disaster
 Architects’ specialized training and situational problem
solving skills can contribute immensely and requires
initiative and team work
 Architect’s contribution as government employee
 Practice is controlled by government via DCR, zoning,
regulations etc
 Architect, as a public servant, has a very influential role
in making town planning policies, advising government in
framing policies for public buildings, rules, regulation
enforcement etc.
 Architect’s technical and admin skill can make him/her a
distinct coordinator between the public & government
 ROLE OF ARCHITECTS IN A SOCIETY - Contribution
 Non-Stop Training
 Architect’s education does not stop with graduation
 Demands continuous professional training & development
 Education program must make architects aware about the
balance they need to maintain between their commercial
goals and their social responsibility

“… Technology today changes almost as

quickly as weather…” (PWC)
 ROLE OF ARCHITECTS IN A SOCIETY
 ROLE OF ARCHITECTS IN A SOCIETY
 ROLE OF ARCHITECTS IN A SOCIETY
 Over 500 Indian immigrants and 382 Nepalese
nationals have died in the country since it won the
rights to host the soccer tournament
 "It's not my duty as an architect to look at it, I
cannot do anything about it because I have no
power to do anything about it. I think it's a problem
anywhere in the world. But, as I said, I think there
are discrepancies all over the world.“
 "Yes, but I'm more concerned about the deaths in
Iraq as well, so what do I do about that? I'm not
taking it lightly but I think it's for the government to
look to take care of."
 WHAT ARE YOUR VIEWS ON IT???
Architects have a responsibility to society – Richard Rogers
 ALTERNATIVES OPEN ON ENTERING THE PRO
 What are the various other professions that an
architect have as alternative??
 Construction/Project Manager
 Read/understand designs, selection of vendors,
materials, architect’s ability to understand complex
building construction
 Urban Planners
 Mixed use development, land use reports, population,
feasibility reports, understand implications of a project
to community, max a particular space
 Graphic Designers
 Visuals to communicate, advertising, branding
 Retail, DMS/IMS, YPP, Business Management, REM, FM etc
 REGISTRATION OF ARCHITECTS
 Any person desirous of practicing as an “Architect” in
India is required to be registered with the Council of
Architecture
 The Central Government provides a Register of
Architects in India
 COA prepares and maintains the register in accordance
with the provisions of Architects Act 1972
 Register include the following particulars:
 Full name with the date of birth, nationality and the
residential address of the architect
 Architect’s qualification for registration and the date on
which the qualification was obtained and the authority which
conferred it
 Date of the architect’s first submission to the Register
 Architect’s professional address
 Further particulars as prescribed by the rules
 REGISTRATION OF ARCHITECTS – Procedure
 Application for registration is addressed to the Registrar
of the Council
 The application along with the prescribed fee and the
necessary documents should be submitted personally at
the office of the Council or sent by post to
“The Registrar, Council of Architecture, India Habitat
Centre, Core 6-A First floor, Lodhi Road, New Delhi – 110
003
 Documents to be submitted are:
 Application form in the prescribed format, duly filled in and
signed by the applicant, along with two recent passport size
photographs duly signed, with name mentioned at the back
 A copy of the date of birth certificate attested by either a
Gazetted Officer or Notary Public/Oath Commissioner
 REGISTRATION OF ARCHITECTS – Procedure
 Documents to be submitted are:
 The recognised architectural qualification certificate on
the basis of which registration is sought i.e. 5-year
B.Arch. Degree or 5-year Diploma in Architecture or 5-
year Government Diploma in Architecture or Membership
of I.I.A. Certificate (as the case may be), in original, for
verification and return by Registered Post, along with a
copy of the same duly attested by either a Gazetted
Officer or Notary Public/Oath Commissioner
 The recognised architectural qualifications (Indian and
Foreign) are listed in the COA SCHEDULE
 The copies of mark sheets for all the semesters/years of
the recognised architectural qualification duly attested by
a Gazetted Officer or Notary Public/Oath Commissioner
 REGISTRATION OF ARCHITECTS – Procedure
 Documents to be submitted are:
 A copy of the Marriage Certificate duly attested by either a
Gazetted Officer or Notary Public/Oath Commissioner towards
change of name consequent upon marriage. However, in case of
change of name due to reasons other than marriage, only a copy of
the Gazette Notification, duly attested by either a Gazetted Officer
or Notary Public/Oath Commissioner, will be accepted. A duly
attested copy mark sheet of 10+2 or equivalent examination with
50% marks in aggregate
 A demand draft for Rs 600/- (Non-refundable) drawn in favour of
“Council of Architecture”, payable at Delhi/New Delhi towards
registration fee. There is also an option of availing one-time
payment at the time of registration by paying Rs 6,600/- vide
demand draft (i.e. registration fee of Rs.600/- and one time
payment of Rs.6,000/-) which is subject to submission of the final
Degree/Diploma, in original, along with an attested copy of the
same
 A self-addressed envelope of size 14″ x 10″ for sending the
certificate of registration by Registered Post
 REGISTRATION OF ARCHITECTS – Procedure
 If the Registrar is of the opinion that the applicant
is entitled to be registered, then he shall enter the
name of the applicant in the Register and issue a
Certificate of Registration
 Any person whose application for registration is
rejected by the Registrar, can within three months
of the date of rejection, appeal to the Council
 REGISTRATION OF ARCHITECTS
 Only a ‘registered Architect’ or a ‘registered firm of
Architects’ can use the title and style of “Architect”
 Every time an Architect signs an agreement with the
client, he is supposed to quote his ‘Registration
Number’
 If any person misuses the title and style of
Architect, such acts tantamount to committing a
criminal offence, which is punishable under section
36 or 37 (2) of the Architects Act, 1972, on first
conviction with fine of five hundred rupees, and on
any subsequent conviction with imprisonment which
may extend to six months or with a fine not
exceeding one thousand rupees
 REGISTRATION OF ARCHITECTS – Why???
 It is very important that every qualified Architect,
desirous of carrying on the profession of ‘Architect’,
be registered with the Council of Architecture
because any reference in law to an Architect, shall
be deemed to be a reference to an Architect
registered under the Act
 REGISTRATION OF ARCHITECTS – Entitlement
 The registration with the Council of Architecture
entitles:
 A person to practice the profession of Architecture,
provided he holds a Certificate of Registration with up-to-
date renewals;
 A person to use the title and style of Architect. The title
and style of Architect can also be used by a firm of
Architects, of which all partners are registered with COA.
 Limited Companies, Private/Public Companies, societies
and other juridical persons are not entitled to use the
title and style of Architect nor are they entitled to
practice the profession of Architecture.
 REGISTRATION OF ARCHITECTS – Relevance
 On entry in the Register, the Registrar issues a
Certificate of registration, in which the Council of
Architecture’s Registration Number is mentioned.
This Registration Number has to be quoted by the
Architect, when signing on an Agreement or on any
documents related to the project for which the
Architect has been signed
 REGISTRATION OF ARCHITECTS – Not-Regd.
 An Architect may not be registered in rare cases, if he has
not applied for registration or if he has not paid the
registration fee or renewed the registration
 However in most cases, an Architect is not registered
because he does not hold a recognized qualification, or
because he has not successfully completed the Architecture
course, or because his name has been removed from the
register for some act of professional misconduct or for
some other reasons such as:
 If a request has been received to that effect
 If the Architect has died since the last publication of the Register
 If the Architect’s name had been entered by error or on account of
misrepresentation or suppression of material fact
 If the Architect has been convicted of any offence which involves
moral turpitude
 If the Architect is an undischarged solvent
 If the Architect has been adjudged by a competent court to be of
unsound mind
 REGISTRATION OF ARCHITECTS – False Claim
 Many times ‘pseudo architects’ operate as if they
are real Architects and dupe the general public
 The only way you can prevent such malpractices, is
by insisting that the Architect gives you his
‘Registration Number’
 If any person whose name is not entered in the
Register but falsely represents that it is entered, or
uses in connection with his name or title, any words
to suggest that he is registered, such acts
tantamount to committing a criminal offence, and
is punishable under section 36 or 37 (2) of the
Architects Act, 1972, with a fine of one thousand
rupees
 REGISTRATION OF ARCHITECTS – Pseudo Arch
 Anybody who confirms that a person pretending to
be an “Architect” is not registered with the Council
of Architecture, can lodge a police
complaint against the ‘pseudo Architect’ and
complain to the Council as well
 Before this, the complainant must verify with the
Council if the said ‘Architect’ is registered or not.
One can complain to the COA in this Complaint
Form
 REGISTRATION OF ARCHITECTS - Questions
 Can an architect have an additional qualification
entered in the Register of Architects??
 An Architect can have any additional recognized
qualification, entered in the Register, on payment of
additional qualification fee of Rs.100/- (per qualification)
provided such a qualification is obtained subsequent to
registration as an Architect
 Only Architectural Qualifications included in the schedule
of qualifications appended to the Architects Act, 1972,
can be entered on the certificate of registration
 REGISTRATION OF ARCHITECTS - Questions
 How and when the registration with COA is renewed???
 A renewal fee of Rs 600/- for the Current year, should be
paid annually to the Council before the first day of April, of
the year to which it relates. An application for renewal along
with the prescribed fee and the necessary documents should
be submitted personally at the office of the Council or sent
by post to “The Registrar, Council of Architecture, India
Habitat Centre, Core 6-AFirst floor, Lodhi Road, New Delhi –
110 003 with the following docs:
 A cash/demand draft in favour of the ‘Council of
Architecture’ payable at New Delhi towards renewal
 A one time payment of Rs 6600/- is also accepted which is
subject to submission of the final Degree/Diploma, in
original, for verification
 The Certificate of registration in original.
 REGISTRATION OF ARCHITECTS - Questions
 How and when the registration with COA is
renewed???
 The recognised architectural qualification certificate
in original, for verification and return by Registered
Post, along with a copy of the same duly attested by
either a Gazetted Officer or Notary Public/Oath
Commissioner
 The recognised architectural qualifications (Indian and
Foreign) as listed in the COA SCHEDULE
 Any additional recognized architectural qualification
certificates in original, for verification and return by
Registered Post, along with a copy of the same duly
attested by either a Gazetted Officer or Notary
Public/Oath Commissioner
 The Certificate of registration in original
 REGISTRATION OF ARCHITECTS - Questions
 How and when the registration with COA is
renewed???
 Any change in address should be notified to the council
and the necessary attested copy of the proof of address
 In case there is a change in the surname consequent to
marriage, a copy of the Marriage Certificate duly
attested by either a Gazetted Officer or Notary
Public/Oath Commissioner
 However, in case of change of name due to reasons
other than marriage, only a copy of the Gazette
Notification duly attested by either a Gazetted Officer
or Notary Public/Oath Commissioner, will be accepted
 A self-addressed envelope of size 14″ x 10″ for
sending the certificate of registration by Registered
Post
 REGISTRATION OF ARCHITECTS - Fees
 REGISTRATION OF ARCHITECTS - Questions
 On payment of the renewal fee, the Registrar shall,
in such manner as may be prescribed by rules,
endorse the certificate of registration accordingly
and return it along with the original architectural
qualification certificate
 In case the renewal fee is not paid before the due
date, the Registrar removes the name of the
defaulter from the Register
 REGISTRATION OF ARCHITECTS – Questions
 Why is an architect’s name removed from the
register of COA???
 A person whose name has been removed from the Register
or where such person is dead, his legal representative
should surrender his Certificate of Registration to the
Registrar, and the name so removed will be published in
the Official Gazette.
 If any person whose name has been removed from the
Register fails to surrender his Certificate of Registration,
he shall be punishable with fine of one hundred rupees,
and, in case of continued failure, with an additional fine
of ten rupees for each day thereafter
 REGISTRATION OF ARCHITECTS – Questions
 How is an architect’s name restored to the register of
COA???
 The Council may, for reasons appearing to it to be sufficient
and subject to the approval of the Central Government,
order that the name of the person removed from the
Register can be restored upon payment of a prescribed fee.
Restoration Fee of Rs.1000/- shall be payable w.e.f. 1st April
of the year
 How can an architect get a duplicate certificate of
registration in case the original is lost or destroyed???
 If the Registrar is satisfied that a Certificate of Registration
has been lost or destroyed, the Registrar will issue a
duplicate Certificate of Registration, upon payment of a
prescribed fee
 When is the register get printed???
 After the first day of April every year, the Registrar prints
copies of the Register, which are then available to persons
applying for a copy, on payment of the prescribed fee
 ARCHITECT’S OFFICE AND MANAGEMENT
 Location
 Organization Structure
 Responsibility towards employees
 Responsibility towards consultants and associates
 Elementary Accounts
 Tax Liabilities
 ARCHITECT’S OFFICE AND MANAGEMENT
 Location
 First thing to figure out to have an establishment
 Where and why??
 What the particular city has to offer new clients??
 How about the accessibility??
 Easy to reach location for the clients
 Leasing or Buying depending on the capital
 ARCHITECT’S OFFICE AND MANAGEMENT
 Organization Structure
 A management tool to leverage the talents and
skills of your people, promote growth and
profitability and meet the needs of the clients and
markets that you serve
 Two criteria to be fulfilled….
 How your company orients itself to its clients and its work
 Who reports to whom within the company
 ARCHITECT’S OFFICE AND MANAGEMENT
 Organization Structure – Affecting Operations
 The effectiveness with which the firm brings in work
 The focus it brings to clients
 The efficiency with which it executes the work and
the profitability
 The level of collaboration, career paths and
employee satisfaction within the firm
 An infrastructure for the potential growth of the
firm
 ARCHITECT’S OFFICE AND MANAGEMENT
 Organization Structure – TYPES
 Organized around clients – From outside in
 Organized around project types - Diverse
 Organized around geography – Across globe/regions
 Organized around principals – Favoritism with one
 Organized around studios – Schools, institutions
 Organized around services – multi services offer
 The Matrix Organization – when large and diverse
 ARCHITECT’S OFFICE AND MANAGEMENT
 Organization Structure – Yours???
 Start with a clean slate
 Strategic planning in organizing your structure
should start afresh and NOT BURDENED BY LEGACIES
 Resist the temptation to put the names in boxes
 Work out the best structure in terms of reporting
and hierarchy
 Then assess the best people for each position
 Think about then bringing people from within or
outside
 Employees have to support and believe in it before
being implemented
 ARCHITECT’S OFFICE AND MANAGEMENT
 ARCHITECT’S OFFICE AND MANAGEMENT
 Responsibility towards employees
 Fostering talent in your firm
 TALENT, TEAMWORK, INTELLIGENCE & INTENSITY OF
THE PERSONNEL are fundamental to overall success
 Planning is required to develop the staff apart from
providing necessary PF, insurance, commission,
compensation, career path growth etc.
 Firms hire new graduates and applicants only when
they need more people, without planning for the
development and future contribution of their own
hires
 Look out for the best talent who have demonstrated
abilities and potential for further development
 ARCHITECT’S OFFICE AND MANAGEMENT
 Responsibility towards employees
 Talent is not limited to design abilities
 Design might be the primary focus in school BUT less
that 5% of graduates will function as “designers” in
top firms
 Design requires only 15% of the person-hours in
architectural practice
 During organization structure, this needs to be
taken care off as well
 ARCHITECT’S OFFICE AND MANAGEMENT
 Responsibility towards employees
 Some of the classification to nurture the talent and
contribute to the growth of your staff (senior) are:
 Conceptual Architect – who conceives of design solutions
that may be outside his/her previous experience
 Development Architect – a job captain who can take a
concept and make it buildable
 Structural/HVAC Architect – people with technical know-
how to guide concept and development
 Administrative Architect – the project manager with
experience in one of the other roles but a higher ability to
communicate among the various architect roles and with
the client
 ARCHITECT’S OFFICE AND MANAGEMENT
 Responsibility towards employees
 Give the recent graduates (pre-architects) the
opportunity to work under you or a senior staff
 Every fresh graduate may want to work on design
but not all are qualified to do so
 Reasons for juniors to work with the seniors are:
 It nurtures the skills of the less advanced staff and helps
to grow fundamentals
 It gives the firm a chance to evaluate their abilities
 ARCHITECT’S OFFICE AND MANAGEMENT
 Responsibility towards employees
 Give opportunity to architects to work with
development architects and project engineers as
learning will be both ways
 Evaluate emerging staffs – very critical from
leadership point of view to determine the character
and success of a firm
 GROWTH OF THE FIRM IS RELATED TO THE
INDIVIDUAL DEVELOPMENT OF EACH EMPLOYEE
 As an architect, who leads your firm, a basic
understanding of MANAGEMENT is a must
 ARCHITECT’S OFFICE AND MANAGEMENT
 Responsibility towards employees
 Effective management is the combination of
leadership, decision making and vision
 You are responsible for:
 Communication with the employees within the
organization
 Making decisions under conditions of uncertainty
 Strategic Planning
 Lead the people rather than contain them, direct rather
than control
 Your employees are resources and opportunities NOT
problems, costs and threats
 ARCHITECT’S OFFICE AND MANAGEMENT
 Responsibility towards consultants & associates
 Shall provide info in a timely manner regarding
requirements for and limitations on a project
including a copy of the client’s program for the
project
 Shall request info from the client as necessary and
relevant for the consultant to evaluate, give notice
of or enforce lien rights
 Shall furnish all the requirements to the consultant
 Shall assist in pre-qualification and in the process of
tendering and contracting as well as in payment
 ARCHITECT’S OFFICE AND MANAGEMENT
 Responsibility towards consultants & associates
 Shall identify a representative authorized to act on the
architect’s behalf on a project
 The architect or the identified representative shall
render decisions in a timely manner pertaining to
documents submitted by the consultants in order to
avoid reasonable delay in the orderly and sequential
progress of the consultants’ services
 On consultants’ request, the architect shall furnish the
following in a timely manner:
 Detailed layout showing locations of respective services
 Tabulations giving size, loads and other information on
equipment designed, specified or furnished by others for
design and coordination
 Other docs as needed from time to time
 ARCHITECT’S OFFICE AND MANAGEMENT
 Responsibility towards consultants & associates
 Architect shall confer with the consultant before issuing
interpretations or clarifications of documents prepared
by the consultant and shall request the recommendation
of the consultant before providing interpretations or
clarifications on shop drawings, data, samples or other
submissions to the contractor or upon change orders or
any other directives that may affect the project
 Architect shall furnish to the consultant a copy of the
prelim or the updated estimate, bid documents, bid, bid
tabs, negotiated proposals, contract documents etc
 Architect shall advice the consultant of the identity of
other consultants in the project and their scope of
services
 ARCHITECT’S OFFICE AND MANAGEMENT
 Responsibility towards consultants & associates
 If the consultant reasonably request info from
investigators, surveys, tests, analysis and reports or
the services of other consultants not within the
scope of the consultant’s services, the architect
shall request that the owner shall furnish the info of
services
 Architect shall be entitled to rely on the accuracy
and completeness of services and info furnished by
the consultant
 Architect shall provide prompt written notice to the
consultant if the architect becomes aware of any
errors, omissions or inconsistencies in services
 ARCHITECT’S OFFICE AND MANAGEMENT
 Elementary Accounts
 Basics of accounting in architectural firms are not
complex
 Basic understanding of certain fundamentals is necessary
 Firms need to make profit and understanding of financial
aspects help
 Income and Expenses
 Income statement has only one category to record
revenue
 Income statement has four categories to record expenses
 Need to differentiate INCOME & REVENUE
 Income – Revenue = Profit/Loss
 ARCHITECT’S OFFICE AND MANAGEMENT
 Elementary Accounts
 Arch firms have very specific accounting
requirements
 Work is typically done on project basis
 Usually, BILLING is primarily a function of time
 Architects also work with clients closely to meet the
expectations and managing communication is
essential
 EOD, all firms want to become more profitable
 What can we do differently to become more
profitable???
 ARCHITECT’S OFFICE AND MANAGEMENT
 Elementary Accounts

“… If you can actually

count your money, then
you are not really a rich
man…” – Paul Getty,
American Industrialist
 ARCHITECT’S OFFICE AND MANAGEMENT
 Elementary Accounts
 Key factor to measure the success of your architectural
practice is the “Financial Temperature” of your firm
 To maintain normal Financial Temperature for your firm,
it is important to have basic insights of finances so that
you can manage to accomplish your goals
 The financial health of your company is based on 5 basic
account types:
 Assets
 Liabilities
 Equity
 Income
 Expenses
 ARCHITECT’S OFFICE AND MANAGEMENT
 Elementary Accounts – ASSETS
 Possessions which are tangible or intangible in
nature which can be ENCASHED
 Your investment as capital, money required to
establish your office, buying equipments, software,
car, furniture etc
 Elementary Accounts – LIABILITIES
 Sum of money you owe to others
 Car loan, borrowing from banks, relatives etc
 This is the money which you are LEGALLY REQUIRED
TO PAY BACK in installments or as per agreed T&C
 ARCHITECT’S OFFICE AND MANAGEMENT
 Elementary Accounts – EQUITY
 The value of the firm’s assets, generally called “net-
worth”
 Equity = Assets – Liabilities
 Higher the equity, the more healthy is your firm
 Elementary Accounts – INCOME
 Also called “Revenue”
 Gross income is generated from project fee, any other
JV, interest, dividend, royalties etc
 Net income is profits remaining after expenses have
been deducted from gross income
 INCOME ALWAYS INCREASES YOUR EQUITY
 MORE THE INCOME, BETTER IS THE FINANCIAL HEALTH
 ARCHITECT’S OFFICE AND MANAGEMENT
 Elementary Accounts – EXPENSES
 Payment towards the services or goods purchased
from others
 Expenses are of two types:
 DIRECT EXPENSES which can be directly related to your
project (payment towards staff salary, consultant,
conveyance etc.)
 INDIRECT EXPENSES are of general administrative nature
which cannot be directly related to a specific project
(marketing, taxes, office supplies etc)
 Expenses always decrease your equity
 MORE THE EXPENSES, WEAKER THE FINANCIAL
HEALTH
 ARCHITECT’S OFFICE AND MANAGEMENT
 Elementary Accounts – PROFIT & LOSS
 Profit = Revenue – Expenses
 When the above value results in negative, it is a LOSS
 P&L has to be computed under certain standard rules
laid down by the tax act
 The financial health of your firm is depicted in the
Balance Sheet
 Balance Sheet covers assets, liabilities and equity, which
reflect the value of how much you own and owe
 Income & Expenses account, also called, P&L account,
reflects changes in value of how much you own and owe
on a particular date or period
 ARCHITECT’S OFFICE AND MANAGEMENT
 Elementary Accounts – FUNDING CHOICES
 Personal Savings
 Borrowing from friends and family
 Getting a loan from bank
 Getting a partner and using his/her personal funds
 Going to Venture Capital company
 Other investors
 ARCHITECT’S OFFICE AND MANAGEMENT
 Tax Liabilities (ST, IT, PAN, TDS)
 Date of introduction: 16.10.1998 (vide notification
53/98 –ST dated 07.10.1998)
 Definition & Scope of Service
 Taxable Service – means any service provided or to be
provided to any person, by an architect, in his
professional capacity, in any manner [Section 65(105) (p)
of Finance Act, 1994, as amended)
 Architect – means any person whose name is, for the time
being, entered in the register of architects, maintained
under Section 23 of Architect’s Act 1972 and also includes
any commercial concern engaged in any manner, whether
directly or indirectly, in rendering services in the field of
architecture [Section 65(6) of Finance Act, 1994 as
amended]
 ARCHITECT’S OFFICE AND MANAGEMENT
 Tax Liabilities
 Rate of tax & Accounting Code

Rate of tax wef 24.02.2009

 ARCHITECT’S OFFICE AND MANAGEMENT
 Tax Liabilities – Classification of taxable service
 The classification of taxable services shall be determined
according to the terms of the sub-clauses (105) of section 65;
 When for any reason , a taxable service is prima facie,
classifiable under two or more sub-clauses of clause (105) of
section 65, classification shall be effected as follows :-
 (a) The sub-clause which provides the most specific description shall
be preferred to sub-clauses providing a more general description;
 (b) Composite services consisting of a combination of different
services which cannot be classified in the manner specified in clause
(a), shall be classified as if they consisted of a service which gives
them their essential character, in so far as this criterion is
applicable;
 (c) When a service cannot be classified in the manner specified in
clause (a) or clause (b), it shall be classified under the sub-clause
which occurs first among the sub-clauses which equally merits
consideration.
 ( Sec.65A of Finance Act,1994)
 ARCHITECT’S OFFICE AND MANAGEMENT
 Tax Liabilities – Valuation of taxable services for
charging Service Tax
 (1) Service tax chargeable on any taxable service
with reference to its value shall,—
 (i) In a case where the provision of service is for a
consideration in money, be the gross amount charged by
the service provider for such service provided or to be
provided by him;
 (ii) In a case where the provision of service is for a
consideration not wholly or partly consisting of money, be
such amount in money, with the addition of service tax
charged, is equivalent to the consideration;
 (iii) In a case where the provision of service is for a
consideration which is not ascertainable, be the amount
as may be determined in the prescribed manner.
 ARCHITECT’S OFFICE AND MANAGEMENT
 Tax Liabilities – Valuation of taxable services for
charging Service Tax
 (2) Where the gross amount charged by a service
provider, for the service provided or to be provided
is inclusive of service tax payable, the value of such
taxable service shall be such amount as, with the
addition of tax payable, is equal to the gross
amount charged.
 (3) The gross amount charged for the taxable
service shall include any amount received towards
the taxable service before, during or after provision
of such service.
 (4) Subject to the provisions of sub-sections (1), (2)
and (3), the value shall be determined in such
manner as may be prescribed.
 ARCHITECT’S OFFICE AND MANAGEMENT
 Tax Liabilities – Inclusion in value of certain
expenditure or cost
 Where any expenditure or costs are incurred by the
service provider in the course of providing taxable
service, all such expenditure or costs shall be
treated as consideration for the taxable service
provided or to be provided and shall be included in
the value for the purpose of charging service tax on
the said service [Rule 5(1) of Service Tax
(Determination of Value) Rules, 2006]
 ARCHITECT’S OFFICE AND MANAGEMENT
 Tax Liabilities – Exclusion from value of certain
expenditure or cost
 The expenditure or costs incurred by the service provider
as a pure agent of the recipient of service, shall be
excluded from the value of the taxable service if all the
following conditions are satisfied, namely:-
 The service provider acts as a pure agent of the recipient of
service when he makes payment to third party for the goods
or services procured
 The recipient of service receives and uses the goods or
services so procured by the service provider in his capacity
as pure agent of the recipient of service
 The recipient of service is liable to make payment to the
third party
 The recipient of service authorizes the service provider to
make payment on his behalf
 ARCHITECT’S OFFICE AND MANAGEMENT
 Tax Liabilities – Exemption & Exclusion
 Exemption to small scale service providers
 In exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section
(1) of section 93 of the Finance Act, 1994 (32 of
1994) (hereinafter referred to as the said Finance
Act), the Central Government, on being satisfied
that it is necessary in the public interest so to do,
hereby exempts taxable services of aggregate value
not exceeding Ten lakh* rupees in any financial
year from the whole of the service tax leviable
thereon under section 66 of the said Finance Act:
 ARCHITECT’S OFFICE AND MANAGEMENT
 Tax Liabilities – Exemption & Exclusion
 Exemption to small scale service providers
 Provided that nothing contained in this
notification shall apply to,-
 Taxable services provided by a person under a brand
name or trade name, whether registered or not, of
another person; or
 Such value of taxable services in respect of which

service tax shall be paid by such person and in such

manner as specified under sub-section (2) of section
68 of the said Finance Act read with Service Tax
Rules,1994.
 ARCHITECT’S OFFICE AND MANAGEMENT
 Tax Liabilities – Exemption & Exclusion
 Services to UN Agencies
 Services provided to UN or International
Organizations are exempt [Notification No 16/2002-
ST, dated 02.08.2002]
 Export of Service
 Any service which is taxable under clause 105 of
Section 65 may be exported without payment of
Service Tax [Rule 4 of Export of Services Rules,
2005]
 ARCHITECT’S OFFICE AND MANAGEMENT
 Tax Liabilities – Exemption & Exclusion
 Exemption to services provided to a developer of SEZ or
a unit of SEZ
 Exempts the taxable services specified in clause (105) of
section 65 of the said Finance Act, which are provided in
relation to the authorized operations in a Special
Economic Zone, and received by a developer or units of
a Special Economic Zone, whether or not the said
taxable services are provided inside the Special
Economic Zone, from the whole of the service tax
leviable thereon under section 66 of the said Finance Act
subject to certain conditions
 [Notification No. 09/2009ST dated 03.03.2009 (Prior to
03.03.2009 Notfn.No4/2004-ST dated 31.03.2004)]
 ARCHITECT’S OFFICE AND MANAGEMENT
 Tax Liabilities – Exemption & Exclusion
 Exemption to value of goods & material sold by service
provider
 In exercise of the powers conferred by section 93 of the
Finance Act, 1994 (32 of 1994), the Central Government,
being satisfied that it is necessary in the public interest
so to do, hereby exempts so much of the value of all the
taxable services, as is equal to the value of goods and
materials sold by the service provider to the recipient of
service, from the service tax leviable thereon under
section (66) of the said Act, subject to condition that
there is documentary proof specifically indicating the
value of the said goods and materials
 [Notification No. 12/2003-ST dated 20.06.2003 effective
from 01.07.2003]
 ARCHITECT’S OFFICE AND MANAGEMENT
 Tax Liabilities – Exemption & Exclusion
 Exemption to taxable services provided by TBI &
STEP
 All taxable services, provided by a Technology
Business Incubator (TBI) or a Science and
Technology Entrepreneurship Park (STEP) recognized
by the National Science and technology
Entrepreneurship Development Board (NSTEDB) of
the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of
India from the whole of the service tax leviable
thereon subject to certain conditions and
procedures
 [Notification No.09/2007 ST dated 01.03.2007]
 ARCHITECT’S OFFICE AND MANAGEMENT
 Tax Liabilities – Exemption & Exclusion
 Exemption to taxable services provided by
entrepreneurs located within the premises of TBI &
STEP
 All taxable services, provided by an entrepreneur
located within the premises of a Technology
Business Incubator (TBI) or a Science and
Technology Entrepreneurship Park (STEP) recognized
by the National Science and technology
Entrepreneurship Development Board (NSTEDB) of
the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of
India from the whole of the service tax leviable
thereon subject to certain conditions and
procedures
 [Notification No.10/2007 ST dated 01.03.2007]
 ARCHITECT’S OFFICE AND MANAGEMENT
 Tax Liabilities – Exemption & Exclusion
 Exemption to services provided to Foreign
Diplomatic Missions or Consular Post in India
 All services provided by any person, for the
official use of a Foreign Diplomatic Mission or
Consular Post in India are exempted from
service tax subject to certain conditions and
procedures
 [Notification No. 33/2007-ST dated 23.05.2007]
 ARCHITECT’S OFFICE AND MANAGEMENT
 Tax Liabilities – Exemption & Exclusion
 Exemption to services provided for personal use
of a family member of Diplomatic Agent or
Career Consular Officers posted in Foreign
Diplomatic Mission/Consular Post in India
 All services provided by any person, for
personal use of family member of Diplomatic
Agents or Career Consular officers posted in a
Foreign Diplomatic Mission or Consular Post in
India are exempted from service tax subject to
certain conditions and procedures
 [Notification No. 34/2007-ST dated 23.05.2007]