www.uthm.edu.

my

GEOMATIC CONCEPTS
Sr. Dr. Mustaffa Bin Anjang Ahmad
B.Surv (UTM, Malaysia) Msc (UTM, Malaysia), Dr.Eng, ( Saga Univ., Japan)
(Geomatic Division)
Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering,
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor, MALAYSIA.
Phone : +6074564410; +60175183726; Fax : +6074537060
E-mail : [email protected]
Web: http://www.fkass.uthm.edu.my/

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 Definition
www.uthm.edu.my

• Geomatics engineering is rapidly developing

discipline that focuses on spatial information (i.e.
information that has a location).
• Geomatics engineers apply engineering
principles to spatial & implement relational data
structures involving measurement sciences, thus
using GEOMATICS and acting as spatial
information engineers.

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 GEOMATICS <---->
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SURVEYING
• Geomatics is a new term incorporating the
older field of SURVEYING along with many
others aspects of spatial data management.
– Following the advanced developments in digital
data processing,
– Information with a spatial position associated with
it becomes more critical to decision-making,
– Both from a personal and a business perspective,
– Also from a community and a large-scale
governmental viewpoint.
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 GEOMATICS <---->
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SURVEYING

• Therefore, the geomatics engineers can be

involved in an extremely wide variety of
information gathering activities and
applications.
• Geomatics engineers design, develop, and
operate systems for collecting and analyzing
spatial information about the land, the oceans,
natural resources, and manmade features.

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 GEOMATICS <---->
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SURVEYING
• Geomatics engineering applications include
integrating science and technology from both
new and traditional disciplines:
– Geodesy, also called geodetic science,
– Cartography, computer & digital mapping,
– Remote sensing, photogrammetry,
– Hydrography,
– Surveying,
– GIS (Geographic Information Systems), and
– GPS (Global Positioning Systems)
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 Definition of Geomatic
www.uthm.edu.my

• Geomatics is an “umbrella” term for a

cluster of activities and technologies
dealing with the locations and identities of
earth features.
• “Geo” represent “geography” - the art
and science of developing and interpreting
graphical representations of the earth.

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 Definition of Geomatic
www.uthm.edu.my

• “matic” is drawn from either

“mathematic” or “information”,
indicating that geomatic employs a
methodical and technical approach to
developing information about earth
features.

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 Definition of Geomatic
www.uthm.edu.my

• Geomatic measurement can be defined

as:
“The science and art of making all
essential measurements in space to
determine the relative positions and
points or physical detail above, on,
or beneath the earth’s surface and to
depict them in usable form, or to establish
the position of points or details”.
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AREAS IN GEOMATIC
Mohd Effendi Daud (Dr. Sc)
B.Surv (UTM, Malaysia) Msc (UTM, Malaysia), Dr.Sc, (Nagoya Univ., Japan)
(Geomatic Division)
Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering,
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor, MALAYSIA.
Phone : +6074537363; +60197853740; Fax : +6074537060
E-mail : [email protected]
Web: http://www.fkass.uthm.edu.my/

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 Overview
www.uthm.edu.my

• Land Surveying
– Is a traditional name applied to measuring
features directly in the field with tools such
theodolites, tapes, electronic meters, levels,
and level staff.
– A common use of surveying today is to
map site in advance of a design for a
facility to be constructed.
– Other applications are for locating land
boundaries and setting stakes to guide
construction. 10
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 Overview
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Land Surveying
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 Overview
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• Photogrammetry
– Is the science of measuring from photos as
opposed to direct field measurements. Most
photogrammetry is done with aerial photos
taken from an airplane with a precise
mapping camera.
– Most topographic maps are made by
photogrammetry today.

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 Overview
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Photogrammetry
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 Overview
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• Remote Sensing
– Is a general term about gathering
information about an object from a far-
removed sensor.
– In common usage, the term remote
sensing applies to the acquisition and
analysis of satellite imagery.
– Mapping satellite orbit the earth and sense
the surface with a scanner, sending the
sensed images to earth for further analysis.

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 Overview
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Remote Sensing
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 Overview
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• Geodesy
– Is the term applied to the study of earth’s size
and shape. It is a highly mathematical and
scientific study of the earth’s gravity field
along with methods of positioning the latitude
and longitude of points.

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 Overview
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• The Global Positioning System (GPS)

– Is a navigational system that uses a
constellation of satellites that were initially
designed and launched by the defense
department.
– Civilian uses of GPS are for hunting, fishing,
and vehicle navigation.
– Precise surveying is done by GPS.

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Global Positioning
System (GPS)
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 Overview
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• Geographic Information System

(GIS)
– Is a collection of computer hardware and
software used to house and analyze digital
maps of the terrain along with information
about the mapped objects.
– Most government agencies have set up GIS
unit within the past several years involving
large public expenditure and geomatic
expertise.
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Geographic Information
System
(GIS) 20
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TYPES OF GEOMATIC
MEASUREMENT
Mohd Effendi Daud (Dr. Sc)
B.Surv (UTM, Malaysia) Msc (UTM, Malaysia), Dr.Sc, (Nagoya Univ., Japan)
(Geomatic Division)
Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering,
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor, MALAYSIA.
Phone : +6074537363; +60197853740; Fax : +6074537060
E-mail : [email protected]
Web: http://www.fkass.uthm.edu.my/

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 Types of Geomatic
www.uthm.edu.my
Measurement
• Geomatic measurement or Surveying has to
do with the determination of the relative
spatial location of points on or near the
surface of the earth.
• It is the art of
– measuring horizontal and vertical distance
between objects,
– measuring angles between lines, of determining
the direction of lines, and
– establishing points by predetermined angular and
linear measurements
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 Types of Geomatic
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Measurement

• The actual survey measurements must be

followed up with some mathematical calculations.
• Distances, angles, directions, locations,
elevations, areas, and volumes are thus
determined from the survey data.
• Geomatic data is portrayed graphically by
the construction of maps, profiles, cross
sections, and diagrams.

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 Types of Geomatic
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Measurement

• Geomatic measurement can be generally

divided into two types:
– Plane Surveying, and
– Geodetic Surveying

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 Plane Surveying
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• Simplifies the survey in that it treats the

surface of the earth as a flat plane.
• The purpose of this kind of assumption is to
reduce the complexity in the subsequent
processing of the survey data.
• This simplification of the earth does have an
indirect effect for larger projects.
• In such type of surveying, the effects of
earth curvature is neglected.
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 Geodetic Surveying
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• Encompasses the determination of the size

and shape of the earth and its gravity field.
• Calculation are much more elaborate because
the surface upon which the measurements
are being made and reduced is a curved
surface.
• Required for large scale projects where the
effects of the earth curvature are critical.
• Surveying with GPS requires the engineer to
think in a geodetic surveying mode.
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www.uthm.edu.my

BRANCHES IN GEOMATIC
MEASUREMENT
Mohd Effendi Daud (Dr. Sc)
B.Surv (UTM, Malaysia) Msc (UTM, Malaysia), Dr.Sc, (Nagoya Univ., Japan)
(Geomatic Division)
Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering,
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor, MALAYSIA.
Phone : +6074537363; +60197853740; Fax : +6074537060
E-mail : [email protected]
Web: http://www.fkass.uthm.edu.my/

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 Branches in Geomatic
www.uthm.edu.my
Measurement

• Generally, surveys can be classified by

names descriptive of their functions or
purposes.
• Functionally, surveys are classed as
engineering (construction), topographic,
and special surveys, such as cadastral
survey (property surveys)

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 Branches in Geomatic
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Measurement
• Either plane or geodetic can be classified by
their purpose as follow:
Topographic Surveys
These are surveys where the physical features
of the earth are measured. Maps and plans
can be prepared to show their relative
positions both horizontally and vertically.
Depending upon the size of the survey, they
can be geodetic or plane.
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 Topographic Surveys
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• The work usually consists of the following:

– Establishing horizontal and vertical control that will
serve as the framework of the survey
– Determining enough horizontal locations and
elevation of ground points to provide enough data for
plotting when the map is prepared
– Locating natural and man-made features that may be
required by the purpose of the survey.
– Computing distance, angles or bearing, and elevations
– Drawing the topographic map

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 Topographic Surveys
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• The uses of topographic survey are for:

– Engineering design,
– Navigational,
– Recreational,
– Geographical,
– Geological,
– Military, and
– exploration

The map or plan produced in topographic survey

Has scales ranging from 1:25,000 to 1:1,000,000
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 Branches in Geomatic
www.uthm.edu.my
Measurement

Engineering Surveys
• Engineering surveys are conducted to obtain
data essential for planning, estimating, locating,
and layout for the various phases of construction
activities or project.
• This type of survey includes reconnaissance,
preliminary, location, and layout surveys.

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 Engineering Surveys
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• Some common uses of engineering surveys

are for:
– Architectural work,
– Building work,
– Civil engineering works,
– Town surveys, and
– Highway surveys.
• Typical scales range used in this type of
survey are from 1:50 to 1:50,000
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 Engineering Surveys
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• The objectives of engineering or construction

surveying include the following:
– The obtaining of reconnaissance information and
preliminary data required by engineers for selecting
suitable routes and sites and for preparing structural
designs.
– The defining of selected locations by establishing a
system of reference points.
– The dimensioning of structure for preparation of as-
built plans.
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 Branches in Geomatic
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Measurement

Route Surveys
• The tern route surveys refers to surveys
necessary for the location and construction of
lines of transportation or communication that
continue across country for some distance,
such as highways, railroads, pipelines, and
power lines.
• Generally, the preliminary survey for this work
takes the form of topographic survey.
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 Branches in Geomatic
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Measurement

• Cadastral Surveys
This kind of survey is specially done for
locating the boundaries of fields, houses,
property lines, calculation of areas of land
properties and preparation of revenue maps
for the state authorities. Cadastral surveys are
plotted to a larger scale than topographical
survey.

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 Cadastral Surveys
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• Presently, cadastral surveys generally consists of

the following chores:
– Establishing markers or monuments to define and
thereby preserve the boundaries of land belonging to
a private concern, a corporation, or the government.
– Relocating markers of monuments legally established
by original surveys.
– Calculating areas, distances, and directions and
preparing the land map to portray the survey data so
that it can be used as a permanent record.
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www.uthm.edu.my

UNITS IN GEOMATIC
MEASUREMENT
Mohd Effendi Daud (Dr. Sc)
B.Surv (UTM, Malaysia) Msc (UTM, Malaysia), Dr.Sc, (Nagoya Univ., Japan)
(Geomatic Division)
Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering,
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor, MALAYSIA.
Phone : +6074537363; +60197853740; Fax : +6074537060
E-mail : [email protected]
Web: http://www.fkass.uthm.edu.my/

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 Unit in Geomatic
www.uthm.edu.my
Measurement

• The major quantities measured in

geomatic are distances and angle.
• These are obtained by using the surveying
instruments and recorded in some
measurement units;
– Distance Units
– Angular Units

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 Distance Units
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• The standard unit for distance measurements is

meter (m).
• Distance measurements are recorded in multiple
units such as kilometers (km) or sub units of
meter such as centimeters (cm) and milimeters
(mm).
• The following conversion factor must be used:
– 1 km = 1000 m
– 1 cm = 0.01 m
– 1 mm = 0.001 m
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 Distance Units
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• Areas are recorded in square metres (m2).

• In cadastral surveying, the area be
recorded in hectares (ha) when it exceeds
1000 square metres.
• The following conversion factor can be
used;
– 1 ha = 10000 m2

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 Angular Units
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• Degree, Minute, and Second

– It is commonly used system for angular
measuring instruments and for calculation in
engineering and surveying.
– In this system 360 degrees make up a circle,
60 minutes make a degree and 60 second
make a minute.
– Example: 13°36’12”

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 Angular Units
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• Decimal Degrees
– Are the decimal equivalent of degrees,
minutes and seconds.
– Most scientific calculators calculate
trigonometric functions of angles expressed
as decimal degrees.
• Example: 360° = 360°
1’ = 1/60 = 0.017°
1” = 1/60x60 = 1/3600 = 0.0003°
13°36’12” = 13° + 0.6° + 0.0033° = 13.6033°
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 Summary of Units in
www.uthm.edu.my
Geomatic
Linear measurement Metric (SI) units

1 kilometer = 1,000 meter

1 meter = 100 centimeter
1 centimeter = 10 millimeter
1 decimeter = 10 centimeter
1 hectare (ha) = 10,000 m2
1 square kilometer = 1,000,000 m2
= 100 hectares

Foot-to-metric conversion

1 inch = 25,4 mm (exactly)

1 ft = 0.3048 m (exactly)
1 km = 0.62137 miles (approx.)
1 hectare (ha) = 2.471 acres (approx.)
1 km2 = 247.1 acres (approx.)

Angular measurement

1 revolution = 360°
1 degree = 60'
1 minute = 60" seconds
1' = 1/60 = 0,0017°
1" = 1/60x60 = 1/3600 = 0.0003°

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www.uthm.edu.my

SCALES IN GEOMATIC
MEASUREMENTS
Mohd Effendi Daud (Dr. Sc)
B.Surv (UTM, Malaysia) Msc (UTM, Malaysia), Dr.Sc, (Nagoya Univ., Japan)
(Geomatic Division)
Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering,
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor, MALAYSIA.
Phone : +6074537363; +60197853740; Fax : +6074537060
E-mail : [email protected]
Web: http://www.fkass.uthm.edu.my/

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 Scales in Geomatic
www.uthm.edu.my
Measurements

• The scale of a map or plan is the ratio of

the ground length to the map or plan
length.
• A scale 1:1000 indicates that one meter
on the plan represents 1000 m on the
ground.
• Small scale surveys cover large areas.

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 Scales in Geomatic
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Measurements

• The preferred scales for used with the

metric system are:
– Large scale : 1:1000 000 to 1:50 000
– Medium scale : 1:10 000 to 1:1000
– Small scale : 1:500 to 1:50 or larger

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 Exercise 1
www.uthm.edu.my

• Give the exact definition of Geomatic?

Discuss briefly the various disciplines in
Geomatic.

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 Exercise 2
www.uthm.edu.my

• Explain the difference between Plane

Survey and Geodetic Survey with respect
to geomatic measurement.
• What is the significant difference between
topographic survey and engineering
survey in terms of their uses and scales.

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 Exercise 3
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• What is the equivalent value of 20

hectares in square meters?
• Convert the angular units of 30°35’15” to
decimal degrees.
• A town map with the scale 1:15000 is
considered as what kind of map scale?

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