WORLD WIDE WEB

• Large collection of hypertext documents

• A document has one or more pages
• A page links to another page by a URL
• The Home Page is the first page that has URLs
to the subsequent pages in a document.
• An individual web site may have multiple
documents
• It provides an information superhighway
Features
• It is a globally distributed Internet service
• It is platform independent
• It has GUI features with easy navigability
through hypertext and multimedia links
• It is interactive, because of search engines etc.
• It is continuously expandable and is updated
almost by the minute
• By processing the web contents, using
JavaScript, ASP, or JSP, the services for e-mail,
e-com, and m-corn are also feasible
The Hypertext Document
(i) A hypertext document ties together information
from multiple sources (URLs). A resource can be the
following or a section of the following
Another Web page
File Transfer
Telnet
Index
Table
Form
Image
Voice (or music) clip
Video clip
News
Gopher etc.
(ii) We use a language Hyper-Text Mark-Up
Language (HTML) to prepare the hypertext
document page for the static functionality
(iii) An HTML document can be browsed and
downloaded using a corresponding Browser
for it
(iv) ) A resource is accessed by an HTTP request
to a web server that hosts the resource.
Document and Web Access Using WAP
(Wireless Application Protocol )
• Web Companion - size about a text book, runs
on Windows CE, access a web site, using the
Internet connection
• Internet Compliant appliances - cellular
phones, wireless personal digital assistants
(PDAs), etc.
Using the Web Services and Web
Browsers
• A Web Server is a server that provides web
and Internet services
• Also called a host for the websites (including
URLs) and Internet services
• Hosts are interconnected by routers
• The ISP provide the Web services and the Web
servers
• A host may offer rent-paid websites. Each paid
website has the memory space according to
contract
• Protocol tunneling - A connection can be
made by http but the message is transmitted
using SMTP or FTP. An SMTP or FTP header
and message parts are encapsulated within
the http header and message.
FILE TRANSFER
Features
• A host computer program is called a FTP server when
the server or host is the one that uses the FFP for
transferring files to a client
• A FTP client is then a user program that downloads a
file from the server
• The FTP is a part of TCP/IP application suite
• Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)

Used for the files without a folder (directory)

or a sub folder (file list)
It is part of the User Datagram Protocol (UDP
 The servers, disk-less computers and network
computers initialize and boot using TFTP
Used for remote-configuration of a router,
updation of an operating system on a remote
• FTP is used for downloading shareware,
freeware or public domain-ware
Shareware - Program available free on an
open resource. The resource is accessed
generally through the Internet. There may be
a license fee
Freeware - A shareware without any
condition or license fee
Public domain - There is no copyright
protection. Any one can use as well as
distribute the product. There is no condition
or fee, etc
FIle Transfer Services and Programs
• Web Browser for the FTP
• UNIX-FTP - A file can be downloaded from an
FTP server to our own computer using UNIX
commands
1) get(filename) 2) put(filename)
3) close 4) quit
5) mput (filename)
• Set of Files through the FTP
• FTP client programs - Dedicated program used
for the file transfer in place of the web
browser. Example: Filezilla
File Formats, Use-Types and Transfer-Types
• A file uses a format that is either an ASCII or
binary
• A use-type is mostly recognized by an
extension. Examples : .txt, .htm(.html), .com,
.exe, .doc, .pl, .zip, etc.
• Types:
Anonymous FTP
- Used for the transfer of shareware, freeware
and public domain files
- TFTP can also be used instead of FTP
because it does not have authorization
features like password, etc.
Non-Anonymous FTP
- Used for the transfer of flies other than the
shareware, freeware and public domain files
- The user-name and password has to be
supplied and it must have the authority to
access the Non-Anonymous FTP server
BOOTP – To download a configuration file
FTP URLs

• Method – ftp://, http://

• Domain – netcom.com
• File folder - /pub
• Subfolder(s) - /ne/netcom
• Filename – netiquette.html
THE ‘TELNET’
Features
• Used for a session on a remote computer that
follows logging in to that system
• A host computer program is called a Telnet
server when it is the one that enables the
Telnet client to enter into its system
• A Telnet client is then a user program for
logging-in to the server
• The Telnet is also a part of the TCP/IP
application suite
• Using a remote computer system is a Telnet
session
Telnet Session and Programs
• We need one of the following for a Telnet Session
Web Browser for the Telnet
- URL is defined by telnet://
- A telnet client may include a general purpose
communication program
UNIX Telnet – Using UNIX commands such as
telnet, rlogin, get (filename), put (filename),
close, quit, etc.
Set of Files through the Telnet
Telnet client programs – Examples : Microsoft
Telnet, WinComm, QModem, ProComm, etc.
Telnet URLs
THE ‘USENET’
Features
• The service for accessing a globally distributed
bulletin board (Newsgroup)
• Provides only the text messages
Difference between Multi-list e-mails and
Newsgroups
•Newsgroup messages are for the group not
individuals as in the e-mails
•We can subscribe to a Newsgroup
•The protocol is either UUCP or NNTP
•All ISPs does not support Usenet
Usenet Hosts
• Backup the Newsgroups on the Usenet service
• The ISPs also provide Usenet servers just as
they do the web servers
Types of Usenet groups
Un-moderated Usenet
Moderated Usenet
Major Newsgroups
sci, soc, comp, biz, misc, news, bionet, etc.
Usenet Protocols
• UUCP (UNIX to UNIX Copy Protocol) for UNIX
Usenet
• NNTP (Net News Transport Protocol)
- A general Usenet protocol
- A unique ID assigned to each news
• NINTH with Additional SSLs
- Secure private newsgroups at big sites
Usenet Programs
• NetScape Collabra, Outlook Express News,
AltaVista, Yahoo
Web Browser for the Usenet
• The URL is defined by ‘news://’
• Texts can be read online and offline
• Article Alerts and Watch Lists
• The sorting support
• Search
• URL Support
• Content Sensitive Help
• Duplicate Files handling
• Cross Post Management
• Threading
• Read/Write News-record File
• Filters
• Lock
• Copy Self
• Courtesy Copy
• File Extension Translation
• Folders
• Frames
• MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension)
Support
• Multimedia Support
• MAPI (Messading and Application Programs
Interface)
• Purging (Trash Box Feature)
• Kill List
• Multiple Signatures
• Multiple Windows
• Address Book
• Agent
• Drag and Drop
• Select Specific Author by Flat Mode Support
• Spell Check
• Support for Quote, E-mail, Stitching and Tags
• Themes Features
‘GOPHER’, ‘WAIS’, ‘ARCHIE’ AND
‘VERONICA’
Gopher Features
• Gopher client - User program for logging-in to
the files located on the Gopher servers
• Gopher+ - It has the extended information
and interactive forms
• Gopher administrator - Authorized to process
the Ask Forms and configure a Gopher server
• The Gopher protocol is also a part of TCP/IP
application suite like an FTP or Telnet
• There are bookmarks instead of the URLs in a
gopher document
Gopher Programs
We need one of the following for a Gopher
session
Web Browser for the Gopher
Gopher Clients – Example: WSGopher32
Jughead – Gopher Search Engine

Archie
 An information retrieval system
 The Archie client software periodically
connects to the FFP sites on FTP servers using
an Archie client
Veronica
 A search program
 It accesses not only Gopher servers but
also web servers
 It also accesses the Usenet and Telnet-
accessible information services
Wais (Wide Area Information Server)
 The WAIS client and server can be on the
same LAN or same machine
 Retrieves text as well as multimedia
documents
Gopher URLs
• The URL is defined by ‘gopher://’
INTERNET CHAT
An Internet Relay Chat (IRC) Features
• Real time text conversation
• Most IRC servers are on the networks of
EFFNET, Undernet and DALnet
• We can join a chat session using the ‘join
channel’ utility
• We can chat using a Chat program, mIRC
• The protocol, IRC protocol is different
Web-based, point-to-point and Telnet-
based Chats
• A web browser has chat features through the
third party plug-ins
• The Chat program can permit users have e-
mail addresses to communicate directly
• The hosts can include a real time chat
program through the Telnet
MUDs
• Multi-User Dungeons
• Manipulates through text commands
• Example: A chat system used for an
association playing a game
Other Chat Programs
• PopWow
• People Connection
Chat Commands

• /JOIN #’channel • /KICK ‘name05’

name’ • /TOPIC #’topic01’
• /QUIT • /MSG ‘name06’
• /CLEAR • /QUERY ‘name06’
• /LIST • /WHOIS ‘name07’
• /INVITE ‘name04’ • /NOTIFY ‘name09’
‘topic’ • /AWAY ‘on vacations’
• /IGNORE ‘name02’
Internet Relay Chat (IRC) Features
• Direct point-to-point support
• Address Book
• Yellow Pages
• URL Support
• Chat Schedule
• Multi Frames or Split Screen Support
• Channel Filtering
• Aliases or Nicknaming
• Macros, New Buttons and Hot Keys Support
• Multi Sessions Support
• Colored and Styled Text Support
• User Identity Support (Personal Biography
Support)
• Event Handlers
• Drag and Drop
• Quote Support
• Sound Support
THE WEB SERVER
• A computer running the software (Web
server) connects to all other servers on the
Internet
• Examples: Apache (free), Web-Server,
Netscape (UNIX based) and Microsoft IIS
(Internet Information Server – Windows
based)
• Also called Http daemon (HTTPd) when it
offers hosting of only HTTP websites.
Links on the Internet to a Web Server
• A browser has a Client Socket and a server has
a Server Socket at the port for accessing
website pages
• A port supports a virtual connection called
socket
• Each socket has an IP address and a port
number
• For establishing a logical connection to a port
socket, the protocol on the Internet is UDP
Error Handling by an HTTPd Web Server
• Server error
• Not found
• Forbidden
• Unauthorized
• Expired certificate
Web Administrator Software
• Monitors the HTTPd
• There is a server error-handling agent which
assists the Network Management System. An
agent helps in handling and correcting the
errors effectively
Sources for the Web Server
• HTTPd runs on many versions of unix as well
as Linux
• Apache Unix-based server codes are freeware
• Apache 1.2.4 Httpd supports several
simultaneous connections and virtual hosting
• It handles multiple requests simultaneously
from one or many clients
• It has multiple threads
• It supports the processing and transfer of the
MIME Type files (eg: jpg files)
• NetScape Communications Server is another
Unix - based server. It also offers Secure
Socket Layer (SSL)
• On Windows, there is Windows HTTPd. On
WindowsNT computer systems the servers are
HTPS and Alibaba (Secure Web Servers)
Personal Web Server for an Intranet
• It Is a freeware that can be used on Windows 95
and 98 platforms
• Used to distribute the files and pages in FTP and
HTTP protocols
• (i) Open Control panel window (ii) Double click at
an icon for the personal web server. A dialog box,
‘Personal web server Properties’ opens up. There
are tool buttons for General, Startup,
Administration and Services. A display home-
page field opens From where the address of the
home page can be entered (iii) Add the clients
Requirements from a Web Server
Computer System (Hosting Service)
• A hit to a server indicates the number of times
in an hour the logical connection gets
connected to the port 80
• The following are the requirements for a web
server that hosts many sites and has many
hits per hour
A web server must run on multitasking
operating systems
To host a website, ample and sufficient
memory space is required
• Must be on high speed
• Must support many or complete provisions
and solutions
• Must have a web administrator supported by
agents. And he must have the effective
Network Management tools.
Who needs and maintains a Web Server
• An ISP
• A web hosting service
• An intranet
• A portal
PROXY SERVER
• Used by an ISP or portal or organization
• May support HTTP, FTP, or Gopher
• Support the uses of SSL protocol for secure
transmission of encrypted packets
• A proxy is a person authorized to make
decision and take actions on behalf of
someone absent.
• The function of a proxy server Is to find the
websites, documents, applications and
services frequently sought by a client. It then
puts these in the caches
• Use of the proxy server becomes necessary
when there are many clients for the network
and there is only one common host IP address
for all these clients