 The word "parapharse" (from the Greek,meaning

literally "equivalent sentence") is defined as

"'restatement of the sense of a passage in other
words."
 It is "the reproduction in one's own natural
idiom or style of the full sense of a passage
written in another idiom or style."
 It should be the aim of the pupil to improve his
English by the practice of paraphrasing, and of
the teacher to see that the English in which his
pupil's paraphrases are written in good English.
 (a) As an Exercise in Composition, it is
impossible to paraphrase any passage without a
firm grasp of its meaning.
 It is a fine training in the art of expressing, what
one wants to say, simply, clearly and directly.
 It gives valuable practice in grammatical and
idiomatic Composition.
 (b) A second use of paraphrase is that it forms a
valuable method
 1. Translation :- it is a translation of one man's
words into the words of another in the same
language.
 A passage written in a very terse or compressed
style has to be expanded in translation.
 For instance, this saying from Bacon's "Essays.":-
 Prosperity doth best discover vice, but Adversity
doth best discover virtue.
 Paraphrase:- When a man is prosperous, there is
more chance of his bad qualities coming to light;
but when he is unfortunate or in trouble, his good
qualities are more likely to show themselves.
 2. Fullness :- Paraphrasing differs from precis
writing, inasmuch as a paraphrase must reproduce
not only the substance or general meaning, but also
the details, of a passage. For Example
 The glories of our blood and state
Are shadows, not substantial things :
There is no armour against fate;
Death lays his icy hand on kings;
Sceptre and Crown
Must tumble down.
And in the dust be equal made
With the poor crooked scythe and spade. .
 Summary :- High birth and rank are nothing; for
in death, which claims all, peasants are equal
with kings.
 Paraphrase :- Nobility of birth and exalted rank,
of which men so proudly boast, are mere
illusions and quickly pass away. They cannot
protect their proud possessors from the
common fall of all mankind - death. Even kings,
like the meanest of their subjects, must
die; and in the grave the poor peasant is equal
with the haughty monarch.
 There is no rule for the length of a paraphrase
as compared with the length of the original
passage; but, as in paraphrasing we have
frequently to expand concise sentences to make
their meaning clear, a paraphrase is usually as
long as, and is often longer than, the original. In
the above example, for instance, the verse has
45 words, the summary 17 but the paraphrase
has 56.
 3. Wholeness :- In paraphrasing, the passage to
be paraphrased must be treated as a whole. The
practice of taking the original line by line, or
sentence by sentence, and simply turning these
into different words is not paraphrasing at all.
 This is not an easy task, and calls for
imagination and concentration of thought; but
unless we can do it, we shall never produce a
good paraphrase.
 4. A Complete Piece of Prose :- Lastly, a good
paraphrase is so well constructed and written
that it will read as an independent and complete
composition in idiomatic English.
 A paraphrase should be a piece of good prose
that anyone would understand and read with
pleasure, even if he had never seen the original
upon which it is based.
 One thing must be made clear to start with and
that is that, as poetry in one language can never
be translated into another without loosing
much, if not all, of its charm, so poetry can
never be translated into prose.
 (a) Difference in words
 (b) Difference in the order of words
 (c) Flowery and ornamental language
 (d) Rhythm and Rhyme
 One thing must be made clear to start with and
that is that, as poetry in one language can never
be translated into another without loosing
much, if not all, of its charm, so poetry can
never be translated into prose.
 (a) Difference in words
 (b) Difference in the order of words
 (c) Flowery and ornamental language
 (d) Rhythm and Rhyme
 (a) Direct and Indirect Speech - A paraphrase may
be written in either; but (unless indirect speech is
definitely required), it is better to use direct speech,
for indirect speech.
 (b) Metaphors – Change the metaphors into similes.
For example-
 "Silently, one by one, in the infinite meadows of
Heaven, Blossomed the lovely stars, the forget-me-
nots of the angels.“
 The stars came out one by one silently in the vast
sky, like forget-me-nots flowering in the fields.
 In some cases the metaphor may be dropped
altogether, and the literal meaning given instead
 (c) Abstract used for concrete When the abstract is
used for the concrete, the concrete should be
restored.
 (d) Rhetorical questions These should be changed
into direct affirmations or negations.
 For example, "Are we not better armed than our
foes?" should become,-We are better armed than
our enemies.
 Exclamations :- These should be turned into simple
statements. For example, "O for a lodge in some
vast wilderness !" can be paraphrased,-I wish I had a
secluded refuge remote from human society.
 (f) Apostrophe :- In paraphrasing poems
addressed in the second person, it is better to
use the plural you than the singular thou, partly
because thou is not used in ordinary prose,and
partly because the construction of verbs in the
second person plural is simpler.
 1. First read the passage slowly and carefully
This first step is all important. (It is a good thing
to write down at this stage a brief summary,
concisely expressing the gist or main theme of
the passage.)
 2. Next, read the passage again with a view to
its details. Note all uncommon or difficult
words, and all idioms and unusual grammatical
constructions, metaphors and figures of speech.
 3. keeping in mind the main purpose, prepare to
reproduce the passage in your own words.
 4. Treat the passage as a whole. Do not work
word by word, or line by line.
 5. You may rearrange the order of sentences,
and even of the whole passage, if this can make
the meaning clear.
 6. Break up a long sentence into several short
ones, or oterwise if by so doing you can make
the whole more easily understood.
 7. Do not change words simply for the sake of
change. (N.B.-Never substitute a difficult or
unusual word for a simple and familiar word;
e.g., do not put "ratiocination" for "argument.“)
 8. Explanatory notes are altogether out of place in a
paraphrase.
 9. A common fault in using indirect speech is the
constant repetition of the "saying verb"- e.g., 'The
poet says that' - 'The poet further says' - 'The poet
again remarks that', and so on. The 'verb of saying',
if used at all, should come once, at the beginning
and not again.
 10. Write out a rough draft of your paraphrase first.
Revise this carefully, comparing it with the original.
Correct any mistakes in spelling, punctuation,
grammar or idiom.
 11. If, after taking pains, you feel the paraphrase is
as good as you can make it, finally write out the fair
copy neatly and legibly.
 Breathes there the man, with soul so dead,  It is difficult to believe, that any
 Who never to himself hath said, man can be so spiritually dead as to
 This is my own, my native land? have no love for his native country
 Whose heart hath ne'er within him burn'd. after travelling in foreign lands. But
 As home his footsteps he hath turn'd. if such an unpatriotic person does
 From wandering on a foreign strand? exist, take careful note of his
 If such there breathe, go, mark him well;
career; and you will find that he will
never inspire poets to celebrate him
 For him no Minstrel raptures swell;
in deathless song. He may be a man
 High though his titles, proud his name,
of high rank, of noble family and of
Boundless his wealth as wish can claim;

riches beyond the dreams of
 Despite those titles, power, and pelf, avarice; but these great advantages
 The wretch, concentred all in self. will not save him from oblivion. In
 Living, shall forfeit fair renown. spite of them all, he will win no
 And, doubly dying, shall go down fame during his lifetime; and when
 To the vile dust, from whence he sprung, he dies he will die in a double
 Unwept, unhonour'd, and unsung. sense. His body will return to the
 - Scott dust whence it came, and his name
will be forgotten. None will weep
for him, none will honour him, and
no poet will keep his name alive in
immortal poetry.