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Hookworm Diseases: (Ancylostomiasis /Miner'S Disease/Egyptian Chlorisis)

Hookworm disease is caused by parasitic worms infecting the small intestine. It is transmitted through contact with contaminated soil and causes anemia, weakness, and diarrhea. The adult worms attach to the intestine and suck blood, while eggs pass in stool. Treatment involves anthelmintic drugs. Prevention relies on proper hygiene, sanitation, and avoiding barefoot contact with contaminated soil or water.
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100% found this document useful (1 vote)
555 views21 pages

Hookworm Diseases: (Ancylostomiasis /Miner'S Disease/Egyptian Chlorisis)

Hookworm disease is caused by parasitic worms infecting the small intestine. It is transmitted through contact with contaminated soil and causes anemia, weakness, and diarrhea. The adult worms attach to the intestine and suck blood, while eggs pass in stool. Treatment involves anthelmintic drugs. Prevention relies on proper hygiene, sanitation, and avoiding barefoot contact with contaminated soil or water.
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HOOKWORM

DISEASES
(ANCYLOSTOMIASIS/MINER’S
DISEASE/EGYPTIAN
CHLORISIS)
DEFINITION

 Hookworm disease is an infection caused by invasion


of the small intestines by a parasitic worm and
usually causes diarrhea or cramps.

 Hookworm infection occurs mostly in tropical and


subtropical countries.

 It is characterized by Anemia and mental and


physical weakness.
ETIOLOGY

Is distributed in Central and South Agent which is most prevalent in


America and West Africa Europe and Asia
 The adult hookworm lives in the small intestines of
the host; it sucks a portion of the mucous membrane
into its mouth cavity and hooks onto the intestinal
wall with its teeth or cutting plates.
 Through a duct opening into the mouth there comes
from the esophagus opf the worm a digestive enzyme
which destroys the tissue at the point of attachment.
 Bleeding occurs at this point and the hookworm
draws the blood into its digestive tract.
 The worm wanders and sets up new areas of
irritation
 The female worms lay great number of eggs, which
oass out in the feces and warm moist soil hatch into
larvae.
 The larvae attach themselves to the feet of a barefoot
person and bore through the skin, causing sores
which are known as Ground Itch.

 The common site of the primary lesion is the soft


skin between the toes
SOURCE OF INFECTION

 Soil contaminated with feces that contains


hookworm ova. A single hookworm may produce as
many as 5000 to 10,1000 eggs daily.

 Eggs deposited in moist soil, rich in oxygen will


develop into embryos withi 24-72 hours.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION

 The disease is usually contracted through entrance


of larvae into the skin

 May also be transmitted in drinking water


containing larvae, in contaminayed food, or by larvae
infested fingers carried to the mouth

 Bedclothes nd wearing apparel which remain damp


and unwashed for several days harbor the larvae.
PATHOLOGY

 The larvae will penetrate the unbroken skin of the


feet and legs of the host entering through the
sudoriferous glands and the hair follicles.
 The larva will then penetrate the blood and lymph
vessels, damaging them in the process, to the lungs
where they pierce the capillary walls and pass into
the alveoli.
 Some may be couged out and expectorated while
some are swallowed and reach the small intestine
where maturation occurs and egg production takes
place.
 The adult worm survives by attaching itself to the
duodenal and jejunal mucosa. From where it
continuosly sucks blood.

 Hemorrhagic spots in the intestinal mucus


membrane mark the site of the orevious worm
attachments.

 Death may result from severe anemia and cachexia.


INCUBATION PERIOD

 Hookworm ova appear in the stools about 4 to 6


weeks after the larvae penetrate the skin

 The incubation period is 40 to 100 days or 2-8


weeks
COURSE OF THE DISEASE

 Ground Itch- first indication that the disease is present

 Papular Eruption
 Pain and feeling of heaviness in the abdomen results
 Appetite is increased and the desire for bulky
foods may be perverted into a craving for eating
earth, paper, coffee grounds or ashes

 Potbellies resulting from dirt eating which causes


distention of alimentary tract.

 Edematous swelling of the tissues causing


Peculiar puffiness of the cheeks.
 Infected children tend to be malnourished and
undersized
 Infected children are lazy, have no enery and lack
ambition.
 The pupils of the patients eyes are more or less dilated.
 Pedal edema and edema in other portions of the body
 As the diseases progresses, the picture is one of
extreme anemia, physical exhaustion, cardiac failure,
and inability to concentrate.
PERIOD OF COMMUNICABILTY

 The disease is communicable as long as the


parasite or its ova are found in the feces of an
infested individual.

* The
symptoms of hookworm depends upon the
number of worms present in the intestine
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES

 Microscopic examinations of feces for the eggs.

 Blood exam reveals eosinophilia


TREATMENT

 Pyrantel embonate (quantrel)


 Crystalline hexylresorcinol
 Carbon tetrachloride
 tetrachlorethylene
NURSING MANAGEMENT

 Isolation is not necessary


 The importance of washing the hands before eating
and after defecation should be emphasized.
 The nurse should watch for symptoms of reaction of
tetrachloride such as giddiness, vomiting and
drowsiness. The drugh should be given in the early
morning when the stomach is empty.
 Diet should be high in calories, vitamins and
minerals.
METHODS OF CONTROL

 Health education on proper disposal of excreta is


necessary.
 Regulations to prevent the pollution of streams and
lakes with human excreta should be adopted
 In areas where hookworm is endemic, all persons
should avoid walking barefoot.
 Good hygiene is extremely important.
 Animals should not be allowed to defecate on the
streets or beaches where people most likely linger.
 Purified or boiled water must be used for drinking
 Vegetalbes should not be eaten raw.
 Night soil and sewage effluent are dangerous to use
as a fertilizer.

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