Polynomial Long Division Review

A) (5 x 3  13 x 2  10 x  8)  ( x  2) B) ( y 3  y 2  6)( y  2)1

18
y  3y  6 
2
5 x 2  3x  4 y2

x  2 5 x  13 x  10 x  8
3 2
y  2 y  y  0y  6
3 2
SYNTHETIC DIVISION: (5 x 3
 13 x 2  10 x  8)  ( x  2)
STEP #1: Write the Polynomial in DESCENDING ORDER
by degree and write any ZERO coefficients for missing
degree terms in order
Polynomial Descending Order : 5 x 3  13 x 2  10 x  8
STEP #2: Solve the Binomial Divisor = Zero
x  2  0; x  2
STEP #3: Write the ZERO-value, then all the
COEFFICIENTS of Polynomial.

Zero = 2 5 -13 10 -8 = Coefficients

STEP #4 (Repeat):
(1) ADD Down, (2) MULTIPLY, (3) Product  Next Column
 SYNTHETIC DIVISION: Continued
Zero = 2 5 -13 10 -8 = Coefficients
10 -6 8
5 -3 4 0 = Remainder
STEP #5: Last Answer is your REMAINDER
STEP #6: POLYNOMIAL DIVISION QUOTIENT
Write the coefficient “answers” in descending order starting
with a Degree ONE LESS THAN Original Degree and include
NONZERO REMAINDER OVER DIVISOR at end
(If zero is fraction, then divide coefficients by denominator)
5 -3 4  5x2  3x  4

(5 x  13 x  10 x  8)  ( x  2)  5 x 2  3 x  4
3 2

SAME ANSWER AS LONG DIVISION!!!!

 SYNTHETIC DIVISION: Practice
[1] ( x 3  2 x 2  5 x  12)  ( x  4)
Zero = = Coefficients

[2] ( x 4  5 x 3  13 x 2  10)  ( x  1) [3] (3 x 5  7 x 4  4 x 2  2 x  6)( x  3)1

3 3 7 0 4 2 6
9 6 18 42 120
3 2 6 14 40 114

114
3 x 4  2 x 3  6 x 2  14 x  40 
x3

[4] ( 8 x 4
 4 x 2
 x  4)  (2 x  1)  0.5 8 0 4 1 4
 4 2 1 1
3
4x3  2x2  x  1  Divide by 2 8 4 2 2 3
2x  1
 REMAINDER THEOREM:
Given a polynomial function f(x):
f ( x)
then f(a) equals the remainder of
( x  a)
Example: Find the given value
[A] f ( x )  x 3  3 x 2  4 x  7 , find f (2)
Method #1: Synthetic Division Method #2: Substitution/ Evaluate
2 1 3 -4 -7 f ( 2)  ( 2) 3  3( 2) 2  4( 2)  7
2 10 12 f ( 2)  8  12  8  7
1 5 6 5 f ( 2)  5

[B] f ( x)  x  5 x  8 x  3 , find f (3)

4 2

-3 1 0 -5 8 -3
-3 9 -12 12 f ( 3)  ( 3)4  5( 3)2  8( 3)  3
f ( 3)  81  45  24  3  9
1 -3 4 -4 9
 FACTOR THEOREM:
(x – a) is a factor of f(x) iff f(a) = 0 remainder = 0
Example: Factor a Polynomial with Factor Theorem
Given a polynomial and one of its factors, find the remaining factors
using synthetic division.
Polynomial : x 3  3 x 2  36 x  108 ; Factor  ( x  3)
-3 1 3 -36 -108
-3 0 108

1 0 -36 0  x  36
2

(Synthetic Division) (x + 6) (x - 6) Remaining factors

Therefore x  3 x  36 x  108  ( x  3)( x  6)( x  6)

3 2
PRACTICE: Factor a Polynomial with Factor Theorem
Given a polynomial and one of its factors, find the remaining factors.
[A] x 3  4 x 2  15 x  18; Factor  ( x  3)
3 1 4  15  18 x2  7 x  6
3 21 18 ( x  6)( x  1)
1 7 6 0
STOP once you have a quadratic!
( x  3)( x  6)( x  1)
[B] 2 x 3  17 x 2  23 x  42; Factor  ( 2 x  7)
 3.5 2 17 23  42 x2  5x  6
 7  35 42 ( x  6)( x  1)
2 10  12 0
STOP once you have a quadratic!

( 2 x  7)( x  6)( x  1)
Finding EXACT ZEROS (ROOTS) of a Polynomial
[1] FACTOR when possible & Identify zeros:
Set each Factor Equal to Zero
Factors of P
[2a] All Rational Zeros = 
Factors of Q
P = leading coefficient, Q = Constant of polynomial

[2b] Use SYNTHETIC DIVISION

(repeat until you have a quadratic)

[3] Identify the remaining zeros

 Solve the quadratic = 0
(1) factor (2) quad formula (3) complete the square
Answers must be exact, so factoring and graphing won’t always work!
Example 1: Find ZEROS/ROOTS of a Polynomial
by FACTORING: (1) Factor by Grouping (2) U-Substitution
(3) Difference of Squares, Difference of Cubes, Sum of Cubes
[A] f ( x )  x 3  2 x 2  4 x  8 [B] f ( x )  x 3  3 x 2  9 x  27
Factor by Grouping
Factor by Grouping
 x ( x  2)  4( x  2)
2
 x 2 ( x  3)  9( x  3)
0  ( x 2  4)( x  2)
0  ( x 2  9)( x  3)
x  {  2 i ,  2}
x  { 3i , 3}

[C] f ( x )  x  16 4 [D] f ( x )  x 3  27
 ( x 2  4)( x 2  4)  ( x  3)( x 2  3x  9)
 ( x 2  4)( x  2)( x  2)   3  3i 3 
3, 
{2i,  2}  2 
Example 2: Find ZEROS/ROOTS of a Polynomial
by SYNTHETIC DIVISION (Non-Calculator)
P
• Find all values of
Q
• Check each value by synthetic division
[A] f ( x)  x 3  3 x  2 [B] f ( x )  x 3  3 x 2  25 x  21
Possible Zeros (P/Q) Possible Zeros (P/Q)
±1, ±2 ±1, ±3, ±7, ±21
1 0 3 2 1 3  25 21
Example 2: PRACTICE
[C] f ( x )  x 4  10 x 3  33 x 2  38 x  8 [D] f ( x)  x 3  3 x 2  x  3

Possible Zeros (P/Q) Possible Zeros (P/Q)

±1, ±2, ±4, ±8 ±1, ±3
1 10 33 38 8 1  3 9  27
Example 2: PRACTICE
[E] f ( x )  2 x 3  3 x 2  4 x  4 [F] f ( x )  2 x 4  7 x 3  4 x 2  7 x  6
Possible Zeros (P/Q) Possible Zeros (P/Q)
±1, ±2, ±4, ±1/2 ±1, ±2, ±3, ±6, ±1/2, ± 3/2
2 3 4 4 2 7 4 7 6
Example 2: PRACTICE
[G] f ( x )  6 x 3  5 x 2  3 x  2 [H] f ( x )  3 x 3  4 x 2  17 x  6
Possible Zeros (P/Q) Possible Zeros (P/Q)
±1, ±2, ±1/2 ±1/3, ±2/3 , ± 1/6 ±1, ±2, ±3, ±6, ±1/3, ± 2/3
6 5 3 2 3 4  17 6
Example 3: Find ZEROS/ROOTS of a Polynomial
by GRAPHING (Calculator)
• [Y=], Y1 = Polynomial Function and Y2 = 0
• [2ND]  [TRACE: CALC] [5:INTERSECT]
• First Curve? [ENTER], Second Curve? [ENTER]
• Guess? Move to a zero [ENTER]
[A] f ( x)  x 4  x3  14 x 2  16 x  32
1 1  1 14  16  32
 1 2  16 32
2 1  2 16  32 0
2 0 32
1 0 16 0 x 2  16  0
x 2  16
x  4i
{1, 2,  4i}
Example 3: PRACTICE
[B] f ( x )  x  15 x  70 x  70 x  156
4 3 2

 1 1  15 70  70  156
 1 16  86 156
6 1  16 86  156 0
6  60 156
1  10 26 0

10   4 10  2i
x  5i
2 2

{1, 6, 5  i}
Example 3: PRACTICE
[C] f ( x )  x  9 x  24 x  6 x  40
4 3 2

1 1 9 24  6  40
 1 10  34 40
4 1  10 34  40 0
4  24 40
1  6 10 0

6   4 6  2i
x  3i
2 2

{1, 4, 3  i}