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Lecture 4

1. The document discusses assumptions in simple bending theory including beams initially being straight and having uniform, isotropic material properties. 2. It also discusses non-uniform bending where bending moment varies along the beam, inducing shearing stresses and warping of cross sections. 3. The document provides the differential equation of the elastic line and derives the general expression for curvature of a line based on the radius of curvature. It then discusses the double integration method for solving beam deflection problems.

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pengnium
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52 views

Lecture 4

1. The document discusses assumptions in simple bending theory including beams initially being straight and having uniform, isotropic material properties. 2. It also discusses non-uniform bending where bending moment varies along the beam, inducing shearing stresses and warping of cross sections. 3. The document provides the differential equation of the elastic line and derives the general expression for curvature of a line based on the radius of curvature. It then discusses the double integration method for solving beam deflection problems.

Uploaded by

pengnium
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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shear force (Vx)

Assumptions in Simple Bending Theory


1. Beams are initially straight
2. The material is homogenous and isotropic i.e. it has a uniform
composition and its mechanical properties are the same in all
directions
3. The stress-strain relationship is linear and elastic
4. Young’s Modulus is the same in tension as in compression
5. Sections are symmetrical about the plane of bending
6. Sections which are plane before bending remain plane after
bending
• Non-Uniform Bending
1. In the case of non-uniform bending of a beam, where bending
moment varies from section to section, there will be shear force at
each cross section which will induce shearing stresses
2. Also these shearing stresses cause warping (or out-of plane
distortion) of the cross section so that plane cross sections do not
remain plane even after bending
Elastic line or Elastic curve
We have to remember that the differential equation of the elastic line is

Proof: Consider the following simply supported beam


with UDL over its length.
From elementary calculus we know that curvature of
a line (at point Q in figure)

where R radius of curvature


General expression
Double integration method (without the use of singularity functions)
4-step procedure to solve deflection of beam problems by double
integration method
Using double integration method we will find the deflection and slope of the following loaded beams
one by one.

(i) A Cantilever beam with point load at the free end.


(ii) A Cantilever beam with UDL (uniformly distributed load)
(iii) A Cantilever beam with an applied moment at free end.
(iv) A simply supported beam with a point load at its midpoint.
(v) A simply supported beam with a point load NOT at its midpoint.
(vi) A simply supported beam with UDL (Uniformly distributed load)
(vii) A simply supported beam with triangular distributed load (GVL) gradually varied
load.
(viii) A simply supported beam with a moment at mid span.
(ix) A simply supported beam with a continuously distributed load the intensity of
which at any point ‘x’ along the beam is
(i) A Cantilever beam with point load at the free end

Integrating both side we get

Where A and B is integration constants.


Remember for a cantilever beam with a point load at free end.

Downward deflection at free end,

And slope at free end,


(ii) A Cantilever beam with UDL (uniformly distributed load)

We will now solve this problem by double integration


method, for that at first we have to calculate
(Mx)
Maximum deflection at free end

Maximum slope,
iii. A Cantilever beam of length ‘L’ with an applied moment ‘M’ at free end.

Consider a section XX at a distance ‘x’


from free end, the bending moment at
section XX is
(Mx) = -M
We know that differential equation of
elastic line
Maximum deflection at free end

(It is downward)

Maximum slope at free end


Maximum deflection at free end (It is downward)

Maximum slope at free end


A cantilever beam AB of length ‘L’ and uniform flexural
rigidity EI has a bracket BA (attached to its free end. A
vertical downward force P is applied to free end C of the
bracket. Find the ratio a/L required in order that the
deflection of point A is zero.

We may consider this force ‘P’ and a moment


(P.a) act on free end A of the cantilever beam.
(viii) A simply supported beam with a moment at mid-span

A simply supported beam AB is acted upon


by a couple M applied at an intermediate
point distance ‘a’ from the equation of
elastic curve and deflection at point where
the moment acted.
So we obtain the difference equation for the elastic curve
Macaulay's Method (Use of singularity function)

 When the beam is subjected to point loads (but several loads) this is very convenient
method for determining the deflection of the beam.

 In this method we will write single moment equation in such a way that it becomes
continuous for entire length of the beam in spite of the discontinuity of loading.

 After integrating this equation we will find the integration constants which are valid
for entire length of the beam. This method is known as method of singularity
constant.
A simply supported beam AB length 6m with a point
load of 30 kN is applied at a distance 4m from left end
A. Determine the equations of the elastic curve between
each change of load point and the maximum deflection
of the beam.

We solve this problem using Macaulay’s method, for that first writes the general momentum equation
for the last portion of beam BC of the loaded beam.

By successive integration of this equation (using Macaulay’s integration rule )


(ii) Now take an example where Point load, UDL and Moment applied simultaneously in a
beam:
Let us consider a simply supported beam AB (see Figure) of length 3m is subjected to a point
load 10 kN, UDL = 5 kN/m and a bending moment M = 25 kNm. Find the deflection of the
beam at point D if flexural rigidity (EI) = 50 KNm2.
Considering equilibrium

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