Process Costing

Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
[1] Understand who uses process cost systems.
[2] Explain the similarities and differences between job order cost and process cost
systems.
[3 Explain the flow of costs in a process cost system.
[4] Make the journal entries to assign manufacturing costs in a process cost system.
[5] Compute equivalent units.
[6] Explain the four steps necessary to prepare a production cost report.
[7] Prepare a production cost report.

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 Preview of Chapter 3

Managerial Accounting
Sixth Edition
Weygandt Kimmel Kieso
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 Nature of Process Cost Systems

Uses of Process Cost Systems

 Use to apply costs to similar products that are mass-
produced in a continuous fashion

 Examples include the production of Cereal, Paint,

Manufacturing Steel, Oil Refining and Soft Drinks

Illustration 3-1

3-3 LO 1 Understand who uses process cost systems.

 Nature of Process Cost Systems

Process and Job Cost Comparison

Illustration 3-2

3-4 LO 1 Understand who uses process cost systems.

 Nature of Process Cost Systems

Review Question
Which of the following items is not a characteristic of a
process cost system:

a. Once production begins, it continues until the finished

product emerges.
b. The focus is on continually producing homogenous
products.
c. When the finished product emerges, all units have precisely
the same amount of materials, labor, and overhead.
d. The products produced are heterogeneous in nature.

3-5 LO 1 Understand who uses process cost systems.

 Nature of Process Cost Systems

Process Costing for Service Companies

Service companies that provide specific, nonroutine services
will probably benefit from using a job order cost system.

Those that perform routine, repetitive services will probably

be better off with a process cost system.

3-6 LO 1 Understand who uses process cost systems.

 Nature of Process Cost Systems

Similarities and Differences Between Job

Order Cost and Process Cost Systems
Job Order Cost Process Cost
 Costs assigned to each job.  Costs tracked through a
series of connected
 Products have unique manufacturing processes
characteristics. or departments.

 Products are uniform or

relatively homogeneous and
produced in a large volume.

LO 2 Explain the similarities and differences between

3-7 job order cost and process cost systems.
 Nature of Process Cost Systems
Illustration 3-3
Job order cost and
process cost flow
Illustration 3-3

LO 2 Explain the similarities and differences between

3-8 job order cost and process cost systems.
 Nature of Process Cost Systems

Similarities Differences
1. Manufacturing cost 1. Number of work in
elements. process accounts used.

2. Accumulation of the 2. Documents used to track

costs of materials, costs.
labor, and overhead.
3. Point at which costs are
3. Flow of costs. totaled.

4. Unit cost computations.

LO 2 Explain the similarities and differences between

3-9 job order cost and process cost systems.
 Nature of Process Cost Systems
Illustration 3-4
Job order versus
process cost systems

LO 2 Explain the similarities and differences between

3-10 job order cost and process cost systems.
 Nature of Process Cost Systems

Review Question
Indicate which of the following statements is not correct:
a. Both a job order and a process cost system track the same
three manufacturing cost elements – direct materials, direct
labor, and manufacturing overhead.
b. In a job order cost system, only one work in process account is
used, whereas in a process cost system, multiple work in
process accounts are used.
c. Manufacturing costs are accumulated the same way in a job
order and in a process cost system.
d. Manufacturing costs are assigned the same way in a job order
and in a process cost system.
3-11 LO 2
 Indicate whether the following statements are true or false.

1. A law firm is likely to use process costing for major

False
lawsuits.

2. A manufacturer of paintballs is likely to use process

True
costing.

3. Both job order and process costing determine product

False
costs at the end of a period of time, rather than when a
product is completed.

4. Process costing does not keep track of manufacturing

False
overhead.
3-12 LO 2
 Nature of Process Cost Systems

Process Cost Flow

Tyler Company manufactures roller blade and skateboard wheels
that it sells to manufactures and retail outlets. Manufacturing
consists of two processes: machining and assembly. The Machining
Department shapes, hones, and drills the raw materials. The
Assembly Department assembles and packages the parts.
Illustration 3-5

3-13 LO 3 Explain the flow of costs in a process cost system.

 Nature of Process Cost Systems

Assigning Manufacturing Costs

 Accumulation of materials, labor, and overhead costs is
same as in job order costing.
► Debit Raw Materials Inventory for purchases of raw
materials.
► Debit Factory Labor for factory labor incurred.
► Debit Manufacturing Overhead for overhead cost
incurred.
 Assignment of the three manufacturing cost elements to
Work in Process in a process cost system is different from
a job order cost system
LO 4 Make the journal entries to assign manufacturing
3-14 costs in a process cost system.
 Nature of Process Cost Systems

Material Costs
 A process cost system requires fewer material requisition
slips than a job order cost system.
► Materials are used for processes and not specific jobs.
► Requisitions are for larger quantities of materials.
► Journal entry to record materials used:

LO 4 Make the journal entries to assign manufacturing

3-15 costs in a process cost system.
 Nature of Process Cost Systems

Factory Labor Costs

 Time tickets may be used in both systems.
 All labor costs incurred within a production department
are a cost of processing.
 The journal entry to record factory labor costs:

LO 4 Make the journal entries to assign manufacturing

3-16 costs in a process cost system.
 Nature of Process Cost Systems

Manufacturing Overhead Costs

 Objective of assigning overhead is to allocate overhead to
production departments on objective and equitable basis.
 Use the activity that “drives” or causes the costs.
 Machine time used - primary driver.
 Journal entry to allocate overhead:

LO 4 Make the journal entries to assign manufacturing

3-17 costs in a process cost system.
 Nature of Process Cost Systems

Transfers
Monthly Entry to transfer goods to next department:

Entry to transfer completed goods to Finished Goods:

Entry to record Cost of Goods sold at the time of sale:

3-18 LO 4
 Equivalent Units

Weighted Average Method

 Considers the degree of completion (weighting) of
units completed and transferred out and units in
ending work in process.
 Most widely used method.
 Beginning work in process not part of computation of
equivalent units.
Illustration 3-8

3-19 LO 5 Compute equivalents units.

 Equivalent Units

Weighted Average Method

Illustration: The output of Kori Company’s Packaging
Department during the period consists of 10,000 units
completed and transferred out, and 5,000 units in ending
work in process which are 70% completed.

Calculate the equivalent units of production.

Completed units 10,000

Work in process equivalent units (5,000 x 70%) 3,500
13,500

3-20 LO 5 Compute equivalents units.

 Equivalent Units

Refinements on the Weighted-Average Method

Illustration: Kellogg Company has produced Eggo® Waffles
since 1970. Three departments produce these waffles: Mixing,
Baking, and Freezing/Packaging. The Mixing Department
combines dry ingredients, including flour, salt, and baking
powder, with liquid ingredients, including eggs and vegetable
oil, to make waffle batter.

Illustration 3-9 provides information related to the Mixing

Department at the end of June.

3-21 LO 5 Compute equivalents units.

 Equivalent Units

Refinements on the Weighted-Average Method

Illustration: Information related to the Mixing Department at
the end of June.
Illustration 3-9

3-22 LO 5 Compute equivalents units.

 Equivalent Units
Illustration 3-10

 Conversion costs are labor costs plus overhead costs.

 Beginning work in process is not part of the equivalent-

units-of-production formula.

3-23 LO 5 Compute equivalents units.

 Equivalent Units

Illustration 3-11
Refined Equivalent Units
of Production Formula

3-24 LO 5 Compute equivalents units.

 Equivalent Units

Review Question
The Mixing Department’s output during the period consists of
20,000 units completed and transferred out, and 5,000 units in
ending work in process 60% complete as to materials and
conversions costs. Beginning inventory is 1,000 units, 40%
complete as to materials and conversion costs. The equivalent
units of production are:

a. 22,600 b. 23,000

c. 24,000 d. 25,000

3-25 LO 5 Compute equivalents units.

 The fabricating department has the following production and
cost data for the current month.

Beginning Units Ending

Work in Process Transferred Out Work in Process
–0– 15,000 10,000

Materials are entered at the beginning of the process. The

ending work in process units are 30% complete as to conversion
costs. Compute the equivalent units of production for (a)
materials and (b) conversion costs.

3-26 LO 5 Compute equivalents units.

 The fabricating department has the following production and
cost data for the current month.

Beginning Units Ending

Work in Process Transferred Out Work in Process
–0– 15,000 10,000

Compute the equivalent units of production for (a) materials and

(b) conversion costs.

Units transferred out 15,000

Ending work in process units 10,000
25,000

3-27 LO 5 Compute equivalents units.

 The fabricating department has the following production and
cost data for the current month.

Beginning Units Ending

Work in Process Transferred Out Work in Process
–0– 15,000 10,000

Compute the equivalent units of production for (a) materials and

(b) conversion costs.

Units transferred out 15,000

Equivalent unit in ending WIP (10,000 x 30%) 3,000
18,000

3-28 LO 5 Compute equivalents units.

 Production Cost Report

A production cost report is the

 Key document used to understand activities.

 Prepared for each department and shows Production

Quantity and Cost data.

 Four steps in preparation:

Step 1: Compute physical unit flow
Step 2: Compute equivalent units of production
Step 3: Compute unit production costs
Step 4: Prepare a cost reconciliation schedule

3-29 LO 6 Explain the four steps necessary to prepare a production cost report.
 Production Cost Report

Illustration 3-12
Flow of costs in making
Eggo® Waffles

3-30 LO 6 Explain the four steps necessary to prepare a production cost report.
 Production Cost Report

Illustration 3-13
Unit and cost
data—Mixing
Department

3-31 LO 6
 Production Cost Report

Compute the Physical Unit Flow (Step 1)

 Physical units - actual units to be accounted for
during a period, regardless of work performed.

 Total units to be accounted for - units started (or

transferred) into production during the period + units
in production at beginning of period.

 Total units accounted for - units transferred out

during period + units in process at end of period.

3-32 LO 6 Explain the four steps necessary to prepare a production cost report.
 Production Cost Report

Compute the Physical Unit Flow (Step 1)

Illustration 3-14

3-33 LO 6 Explain the four steps necessary to prepare a production cost report.
 Production Cost Report

Compute Equivalent Units of Production (Step 2)

Mixing Department
 Department adds materials at beginning of process and
 Incurs conversion costs uniformly during the process.
Illustration 3-15

3-34 LO 6 Explain the four steps necessary to prepare a production cost report.
 Production Cost Report

Compute Unit Production Costs (Step 3)

 Costs expressed in terms of equivalent units of
production.
 When equivalent units of production are different for
materials and for conversion costs, three unit costs are
computed:
1. Materials
2. Conversion
3. Total Manufacturing

3-35 LO 6 Explain the four steps necessary to prepare a production cost report.
 Production Cost Report

Compute Unit Production Costs (Step 3)

Compute total materials cost related to Eggo® Waffles:
Illustration 3-16
Work in process, June 1
Direct materials costs $ 50,000
Cost added to production during June
Direct material cost 400,000
Total material costs $450,000
Illustration 3-17

3-36 LO 6
 Production Cost Report

Compute Unit Production Costs (Step 3)

Compute total conversion costs related to Eggo® Waffles:
Illustration 3-18
Work in process, June 1
Conversion costs $ 35,000
Costs added to production during June
Conversion costs 170,000
Total conversion costs $205,000
Illustration 3-19

3-37 LO 6
 Production Cost Report

Compute Unit Production Costs (Step 3)

Illustration 3-19

Compute total manufacturing costs per unit:

Illustration 3-20

3-38 LO 6 Explain the four steps necessary to prepare a production cost report.
 Production Cost Report

Prepare a Cost Reconciliation Schedule

(Step 4)
Kellogg charged total costs of $655,000 to the Mixing
Department in June, calculated as follows.

Illustration 3-21
Costs to be accounted for
Work in process, June 1 $ 85,000
Started into production 570,000
Total costs $655,000

3-39 LO 6 Explain the four steps necessary to prepare a production cost report.
 Production Cost Report

Illustration 3-22

3-40 LO 6 Explain the four steps necessary to prepare a production cost report.
 Illustration 3-23

Production Cost Report

Prepare the
Production
Cost Report

3-41 LO 7
 Production Cost Report

Review Question
Largo Company has unit costs of $10 for materials and $30 for
conversion costs. If there are 2,500 units in ending work in
process, 40% complete as to conversion costs and fully
complete as to materials cost, the total cost assignable to the
ending work in process inventory is:

a. $45,000.
b. $55,000.
c. $75,000.
d. $100,000.

3-42 LO 7 Prepare a production cost report.

 In March, Rodayo Manufacturing had the following unit production
costs: materials $6 and conversion costs $9. On March 1, it had zero
work in process. During March, Rodayo transferred out 12,000 units.
As of March 31, 800 units that were 25% complete as to conversion
costs and 100% complete as to materials were in ending work in
process. Assign the costs to the units transferred out and in process.

Costs transferred out $180,000

Work in process, March 31
Materials (800 x $6) $4,800
Conversion costs (200 x $9) 1,800
Total costs $186,600

3-43 LO 7 Prepare a production cost report.

 Production Cost Report

Costing Systems – Final Comments

 Companies often use a combination of a process cost
and a job order cost system.

 Called operations costing, this hybrid system is similar

to process costing in its assumption that standardized
methods are used to manufacture the product.

 At the same time, the product may have some

customized, individual features that require the use of
a job order cost system.

3-44 LO 7 Prepare a production cost report.

 APPENDIX 3A FIFO METHOD

Equivalent Units Under FIFO

Equivalent units are the sum of the work performed to:

1. Finish the units of beginning work in process inventory.

2. Complete the units started into production during the

period (referred to as the units started and
completed).

3. Start, but only partially complete, the units in ending

work in process inventory.

3-45 LO 8 Compute equivalent units using the FIFO method.

 APPENDIX 3A FIFO METHOD

Illustration 3A-1
Equivalent Units Under FIFO Physical unit flow—
Assembly Department

3-46 LO 8 Compute equivalent units using the FIFO method.

 APPENDIX 3A FIFO METHOD

Illustration 3A-2
Equivalent Units Under FIFO Computation of equivalent
units—FIFO method

3-47 LO 8 Compute equivalent units using the FIFO method.

 APPENDIX 3A FIFO METHOD

Illustration 3A-3
Unit and cost
data—Mixing
Department

3-48 LO 8
 APPENDIX 3A FIFO METHOD

Illustration 3A-4
Compute the Physical Unit Flow (1) Physical unit flow—
Mixing Department

3-49 LO 8 Compute equivalent units using the FIFO method.

 APPENDIX 3A FIFO METHOD

Illustration 3A-5
Compute the Physical Unit Flow (1) Physical unit flow (FIFO)—
Mixing Department

3-50 LO 8
 APPENDIX 3A FIFO METHOD

Compute Equivalent Units of Production (2)

Equivalent Units For Materials
Kellogg adds materials at the beginning of the process. 100%
of the materials costs has been incurred on ending WIP.

Illustration 3A-6

3-51 LO 8 Compute equivalent units using the FIFO method.

 APPENDIX 3A FIFO METHOD

Compute Equivalent Units of Production (2)

Equivalent Units For Conversion Costs
The Mixing Department required 30,000 equivalent units (30%
100,000 units) of conversion costs to complete the beginning
inventory. In addition, the 200,000 units of ending work in process
were 60 percent complete in terms of conversion costs.

Illustration 3A-7

3-52
LO 8
 APPENDIX 3A FIFO METHOD

Compute Unit Production Costs (3)

Under the FIFO method, the unit costs of production are based
entirely on the production costs incurred during the month.

Illustration 3A-8
Costs incurred
during production
in June

3-53 LO 8 Compute equivalent units using the FIFO method.

 APPENDIX 3A FIFO METHOD

Compute Unit Production Costs (3)

Compute unit materials cost, unit conversion costs, and total unit
cost.

Illustration 3A-9

3-54 LO 8 Compute equivalent units using the FIFO method.

 APPENDIX 3A FIFO METHOD

Prepare a Cost Reconciliation Schedule (4)

Kellogg is now ready to determine the cost of goods transferred
out of the Mixing Department to the Baking Department and the
costs in ending work in process. The total costs charged to the
Mixing Department in June are as follows.

Illustration 3A-10
Costs charged to
Mixing Department

3-55 LO 8 Compute equivalent units using the FIFO method.

 APPENDIX 3A FIFO METHOD

Prepare a Cost Reconciliation Schedule (4)

Illustration 3A-11

Illustration 3A-11

3-56 LO 8
 APPENDIX 3A FIFO METHOD

Prepare the Production Cost Report

 Internal document for management that shows production
quantity and cost data for a production department.

 Provides a basis for evaluating the productivity of a

department.

 Managers can use the cost data to assess whether unit

costs and total costs are reasonable.

 Top management can also judge whether current

performance is meeting planned objectives.

3-57 LO 8 Compute equivalent units using the FIFO method.

 APPENDIX 3A FIFO METHOD

Prepare the
Production Cost
Report

Illustration 3A-12
3-58 LO 8
 APPENDIX 3A FIFO METHOD

FIFO and Weighted-Average

 Weighted-average is simple to understand and apply.

 In cases where prices do not fluctuate significantly,

weighted-average will be very similar to FIFO.

 Conceptually, the FIFO method is superior because it

measures current performance using only costs incurred
in the current period.

 FIFO method provides current cost information, which the

company can use to establish more accurate pricing
strategies for goods manufactured and sold.

3-59 LO 8 Compute equivalent units using the FIFO method.

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