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List of Demo Materials

pushes up on the cardboard You: feel a downward push on your hands The forces are equal and opposite. This law explains why rockets can fly in space! The rocket engine pushes exhaust gases down, and the gases push the rocket up. No air needed!

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
37 views62 pages

List of Demo Materials

pushes up on the cardboard You: feel a downward push on your hands The forces are equal and opposite. This law explains why rockets can fly in space! The rocket engine pushes exhaust gases down, and the gases push the rocket up. No air needed!

Uploaded by

ShakerPhysics
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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List

List of
of Demo
Demo Materials
Materials
••Large
Large BBBB
••Pendulum
Pendulum bob bob on
on string
string (no
(no metal
metal support)
support)
••Blocky
Blocky mass
mass
••Book
Book
••Ball
Ball (tennis,
(tennis, bouncy,
bouncy, golf,
golf, …)
…)
••Dynamics
Dynamics cartcart
••Hi-tech
Hi-tech cart
cart
FORCES
“Newton’s Laws”
These laws explain
Why things do what they do.
Motivation
• Why is the cup of coffee in the car more
likely to spill when you: Turn, Stop, or
Start?
• Why are people with filled backpacks less
agile?
• Why are bicycles easy to balance when they
are rolling?
Drawing Forces

An introduction to
Newton’s First Law
An object is dropped.
Why does it fall?

Draw a picture of the ball, and draw the


_ _ _ _ _ that acts on the ball.
This ball accelerates.

Weight
The object is hanging
from a string.
Why doesn’t it fall?
Draw a picture of the ball, and draw the
forces that act on the ball.
What forces act on the ball?
String (tension)

Are there any other forces


that act on the ball?
String (tension)

Weight
String (tension)

F=0
String - Weight = 0
Weight

If the sum of the forces is zero, then the object does not accelerate.
If the object does not accelerate, then the sum of the forces is zero.
An object is on the table.

Draw the forces that act on the object.


What forces act on the object
while it is on the table?
TABLE

WEIGHT
F=0
Table - Weight = 0
If the sum of the forces is zero, then the object does not accelerate.
If the object does not accelerate, then the sum of the forces is zero.
Pull a cart so it speeds up:
Motion

Friction Pull
Pull a cart so it slows down:
Motion

Friction Pull
Pull a cart so it goes at one
speed:
Motion

Friction Pull

Tough idea: If the forces are equal, then the


acceleration is zero, even if the object is moving!
Newton’s Difficult First Law
(2-case version)
• Easy Case: No Motion
(_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is zero, and the sum
of the forces is zero). [Book on table.]
• Tough Case: Constant Motion
(_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is zero, and the sum
of the forces is zero). [Cart at constant
speed.]
Newton’s Difficult First Law
(2-case version)
• Easy Case: No Motion
(Acceleration is zero, and the sum of the
forces is zero). [Book on table.]
• Tough Case: Constant Motion
(_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is zero, and the sum
of the forces is zero). [Cart at constant
speed.]
Newton’s Difficult First Law
(2-case version)
• Easy Case: No Motion
(Acceleration is zero, and the sum of the
forces is zero). [Book on table.]
• Tough Case: Constant Motion
(Acceleration is zero, and the sum of the
forces is zero). [Cart at constant speed.]
A car is on ‘cruise control.’
The speed is a constant 60 mph.
Draw the forces:
A car is on ‘cruise control.’
The speed is a constant 60 mph.
Road

Friction Road Force (due to engine)

Weight
How could you use Newton’s
first law to get the ketchup out of
the bottle?
Transition from the First to the
Second Law …
A moving cart in an inverted
position. [Maximum Friction]
Motion

Aristotle: “Objects stop.”

[Notice that the acceleration ≠ 0.]


A moving cart in a traditional
position. [Moderate Friction]
Motion

Can you hear the squeaking and


the grinding?
There is still friction.
a≠0
A $70 cart. [Small Friction]

The friction is less. The cart barely slows down.


Galileo: “Objects slow down, but only if there is
a force to make it happen. That force is often
friction.”
Objects do not stop by themselves!
Galileo built a rounder ball on a smoother track:

The ball never gets


start roughest back to its original
end height, but Galileo
saw the pattern.
Friction stops the
ball (it doesn’t stop
start on its own).
end

start smoothest end


If you could build a perfect
marble on a perfect track …
start

… it would _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _!
If you could build a perfect
marble on a perfect track …
start

… it would go forever!
“Inertia”
Objects in motion stay in motion,
and objects at rest stay at rest
(unless acted on by a force).
Uptight version of Law 1
If the total force acting on an object is
zero then the object will not accelerate.
Conversely, if the object is not
accelerating, then the total force acting
on the object is zero.
An Application of the First Law:
The BB and the Cart
motion

The system is moving.


Then the cart hits a barrier.
What will happen?
An Application of the First Law:
The BB and the Cart

The system is at rest. Then the cart gets a shove.


What will happen?
What if a reference object is used to
help us track the BB?
The core idea of the 2nd law:

a=
∑ F
M
Two trucks. One empty, one Full.
Empty

Full

Compare their accelerations.


A = F ÷ m

a = F ÷ M
Different accelerations can arise from
different masses (and the same force).
The Vector Nature of Forces

The Direction of a Force


Matters a Lot
Two 5 Newton forces act on the
book. What happens?

5N Book 5N
2 kg

Top View
Two 5 Newton forces act on the
book. What happens?

5N Book 5N
2 kg

Top View
Two 5 Newton forces act on the
book. What happens?

5N
Book

2 kg
5N

a=?
Two 5 Newton forces act on the
book. What happens?
5N

5N
Book
To deal with this
you need to learn 2 kg
about vectors.

There can be many forces that act on one object,


but the object has only one acceleration.
Uptight version of Law 2
An object will accelerate if the total force acting
on it is not zero.
The direction of the acceleration is the same as
the direction of the total force.
The amount of acceleration depends on the mass
of the object (M) and the total force acting on the
object:
a=
∑ F
M
What is the core difference
between Laws 1 and 2?
Quiz. Which Law fits better, the First or the Second?
Velocity a=0 F = 0 First Law
is constant or or or
or a≠0 F ≠ 0 Second
changing? Law?
 ? ?
You pull a
wagon at
one
velocity.
A wagon
rolls to a
stop on a
sidewalk.
Quiz. Which Law fits better, the First or the Second?
Velocity a=0 F = 0 First Law
is constant or or or
or a≠0 F ≠ 0 Second
changing? Law?
? ?
You pull a
wagon at Constant a=0 F = 0 First
one
velocity.
A wagon
rolls to a Changing a≠0 F ≠ 0 Second
stop on a
sidewalk.
What is a “LAW” in science?
• A pattern in what we see, that covers many
situations.
• Examples:
– People want more stuff
– a=∑F÷M
• Not an example: A tossed ball spends as
much time going up as going down. [It’s
not an important pattern.]
Competition between your
teacher and a football player
Each competitor gets to punch a tissue as hard
as possible.
Who can exert the most force?
Why would it hurt
if you hit the wall?
Intro to Newton’s Third Law
(The weird one that does not really belong.)
• This law is a bizarre pattern about forces,
but has nothing to say about motion.
• There is no acceleration here, no velocity,
nothing about what is actually going to
happen.
• The nickname of this law is the “Action -
Reaction” law. That is a misleading name
and you should never say it.
Newton’s Third Law, in small bites:
• Forces always occur in pairs. [Push on your
desk, your desk pushes on you.]
• The forces in the pair act on different objects.
[One force is on your desk, and the other is on
you.]
• The forces are in opposite directions. [You push
down on the desk, your desk pushes up on you.]
• The forces in the pair are equal. [Weird, but
when we measure, we see it’s true.]
Newton’s Third Law
If Object A exerts a force on Object B,
then Object B will exert an equal force
on Object A, in the opposite direction.
3 Easy Examples
• Demo: One student asks another student for
a helping hand out of a chair.
• A collision between two football players.
• Carry a box.
An Interesting Example
Hold a piece of cardboard at an angle, and spin
around.
Does this put a force on the air?
Does this put a force on the cardboard?
An Interesting Example
Hold a piece of cardboard at an angle, and spin
around.
Does this put a force on the air?
Does this put a force on the cardboard?
An Interesting Example
Hold a piece of cardboard at an angle, and spin
around.
Does this put a force on the air?
Does this put a force on the cardboard?
Why does it have the
small propellor on the
back?
Tough Examples
• The Truck and the Bug. During the
collision, compare the accelerations and
compare the forces. [Hint: see the two
trucks from before. We see that different
accelerations do not always mean that there
are different forces.]
• A Rock falling. [The earth barely
accelerates because of its large mass.]
It’s time for the ‘Stations.’
Post - Stations Discussion
• 5
• 6
• 7
• 9
Post - Stations Mini Lecture
Apply Newton’s Second Law to a
falling ball, and see why we conclude
that W = Mg. Fill in the steps:
a=
∑ F ∑ F = Ma
M

9.8 m/s2 = Weight / M


€ g=W/M€
Weight
W = Mg
Weight is the force the earth puts
on an object.
Mass is the amount of matter an
object has (protons & neutrons).
Post - Stations Mini Lecture
Apply Newton’s Second Law to an
object hanging from a string (or spring
scale), and see why we conclude that
T = W = Mg. Fill in the steps:
Tension

∑ F = Ma
F = 0
Weight
€T - W = 0
T=W
T = Mg
Post - Stations Mini Lecture
Apply Newton’s Second Law to a book on a
table, and see why we conclude that the force
of the table (N) is:
N = W = Mg. Fill in the steps:

Table (Normal Force)


∑ F = Ma

F = 0
Weight
N-W=0

N=W
N = Mg

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