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Chapter 5 Humidification

1. This document describes humidification and dehumidification processes involving the transfer of water between gas and liquid phases. 2. It provides examples of humidification using cooling towers and dehumidification towers, explaining how their operating lines relate to the equilibrium line on psychrometric charts. 3. It also gives an example calculation for designing a water-cooling tower using a film mass transfer coefficient method, showing steps to determine inlet and outlet conditions and calculate the tower height.

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JivashiniBalasupurManiam
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133 views

Chapter 5 Humidification

1. This document describes humidification and dehumidification processes involving the transfer of water between gas and liquid phases. 2. It provides examples of humidification using cooling towers and dehumidification towers, explaining how their operating lines relate to the equilibrium line on psychrometric charts. 3. It also gives an example calculation for designing a water-cooling tower using a film mass transfer coefficient method, showing steps to determine inlet and outlet conditions and calculate the tower height.

Uploaded by

JivashiniBalasupurManiam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HUMIDIFICATION PROCESSES

Humidification
Transfer of water from the liquid phase into a gaseous mixture of
air & water vapour
Air &water vapour

water

Dehumidification
Water vapour is transferred from the vapour state to the liquid state
HUMIDIFICATION PROCESSES
Water-cooling tower – packed tower

• evaporation of warm water when in contact with unsaturated air


• latent heat of vaporisation given off cools water

• only small amount of water is lost


Natural draft water cooler
Dehumidification tower
Humidification/ cooling tower
• Operating line lies below the equilibrium line
• Water is cooled & air humidified

Dehumidification tower

• Operating line lies above the equilibrium line


• humidity & temperature of air reduced
Dry bulb and wet bulb temperature

Dry Bulb Temperature – Tdb


-Usually referred as ‘air temperature’. When people refer to the
temperature of the air, they normally referring to the dry bulb
temperature.
-It is called ‘Dry Bulb’ because the air temperature is indicated
by a thermometer not affected by the moisture of the air.
Wet Bulb Temperature – Twb

-Can be measured by using a thermometer with the bulb


wrapped in wet muslin.
-The adiabatic evaporation of water from the thermometer bulb
and the cooling effect is indicated by a ‘wet bulb temperature’
lower than the ‘dry bulb temperature’ in the air.
-If the relative humidity is 100 percent, the wet bulb and dry bulb
show the same reading. This is due to a wet bulb thermometer
can no longer be cooled by evaporation, so it will read the same
as an unwrapped thermometer.
-If the relative humidity is below 100 percent, evaporative
cooling lowers the wet bulb temperature.
-In cooling tower, the water cannot be cooled below the wet
bulb temperature. It can be cooled only to the wet bulb
temperature, and in practice it is cooled to about 3K or more
above this.
Dry Bulb Wet Bulb Wet Bulb Wet Bulb

Termometer

100% Air High in air Lower


Humidity Humidity Air Humidity
(Tdb=Twb)
Humidity Chart
•Properties of air-water vapour mixtures at 1 atm abs pressure
•Humidity vs dry bulb temperature
Wet bulb temp. =20oC, dry bulb temp. = 30oC,humidity = ?

Humidity
0.0115
Humidity chart

Figure 9.3-2 Humidity Chart


Theory and calculations for water-cooling towers
where:
L= water flowrate (kg/s.m2)
TL = water temperature (oC)
G = dry air flowrate (kg/s.m2)
H = humidity of air (kg water/kg dry air)
Hy = entahlpy of air-vapour mixture(J/kg dry air)
kGa = gas-phase volumetric coefficient (kmol/s.m3.Pa)
MB = molecular weight of air
P = atmospheric pressure (Pa)
z= height of tower (m)
Using film mass-transfer coefficient
Hy2
G 1
z=
MBkGaP ∫ Hyi-Hy
Hy1
Design of water-cooling tower using
Procedure: film mass-transfer coefficient
1. Determine H1 from the humidity chart given TG1 & Tw
2. Determine Hy1 from Hy1 = (1.005 + 1.88H1)103(TG1-0) + 2.501 x 106H1
3. Calculate Hy2 from G(Hy2-Hy1) = LcL(TL2-TL1) where cL = 4.187 x 103 J/kg.K
4. Plot the equilibrium line (table 10.5-1) on the Hy vs TL graph
5. Draw the operating-line with the point (TL1,Hy1) and (TL2,Hy2) on the graph
Design of water-cooling tower using film mass-transfer coefficient
h a
6. Plot several lines with slope = - L where hLa = liquid-phase
M k aP
volumetric heat transfer coefficient B G

7. Obtain several values of Hyi with the corresponding Hy. Tabulate values
of Hyi, Hy, (Hyi-Hy) and 1/(Hyi-Hy) Hy2
1
8. Plot 1/(Hyi-Hy) vs Hy from Hy1 to Hy2. Area under the curve = ∫
Hy2 Hyi-Hy
G 1 Hy1
MBkGaP ∫ Hyi-Hy
9. Calculate z from z =
H
y1
Equilibrium Data
Example 10.5-1:
L = 1.356 kg water/s.m2
TL2=43.3oC

G=1.356 kg dry air/s.m2


TL1 = 29.4oC
TG1=29.4oC
Tw = 23.9oC

Given: kGa = 1.207 x 10-7 kgmol/s.m3.Pa & hLa/kGaMBP = 4.187x104 J/kg.K


1. Determine H1 from the humidity chart given TG1 & Tw
Example 10.5-1:
At TG1=29.4oC & Tw = 23.9oC, H1 = ?

Humidity
0.0165

2. Determine Hy1 from Hy1 = (1.005 + 1.88H1)103(TG1-0) + 2.501 x 106H1


Hy1 = (1.005 + 1.88[0.0165])103(29.4-0) + 2.501 x 106(0.0165) = 7.17 x 103 J/kg
Example 10.5-1:
L = 1.356 kg water/s.m2
TL2=43.3oC

G=1.356 kg dry air/s.m2


TL1 = 29.4oC
Hy1=7.17 x 103 J/kg dry air

3. Calculate Hy2 from G(Hy2-Hy1) = LcL(TL2-TL1) where cL = 4.187 x 103 J/kg.K


1.356 (Hy2-7.17 x 103) = 1.356 (4.187 x 103)(43.3-29.4)
Hy2 = 129.9 x 103 J/kg dry air
Example 10.5-1:
G=1.356 kg dry air/s.m2 L = 1.356 kg water/s.m2
Hy2=129.9 x 103 J/kg dry air TL2=43.3oC
Hy1=7.17 x 103 J/kg dry air TL1 = 29.4oC
4. Plot the equilibrium line (table 10.5-1) on the Hy vs TL graph
5. Draw the operating-line with the point (TL1,Hy1) and (TL2,Hy2) on the graph
Example 10.5-1: hLa
6. Plot several lines with slope = - =-4.187 x 104 J/kg.K
MBkGaP
Taking a point ,for example, Hy2 = 129.9 x 103 J/kg dry air & TL2 = 43.3oC
4 Hy Hy2-Hy 129.9 x 103-Hy
slope = -4.187 x 10 J/kg.K = = =
TL TL2-TL 43.3-TL
o 4 129.9 x 10 3-H 129.9 x 103-Hy
Lets TL = 42 C, -4.187 x 10 = y =
43.3-42 1.3

184.3 Hy = 184.3 x 103 J/kg dry air


Example 10.5-1:
7. Obtain several values of Hyi with the corresponding Hy. Tabulate values
of Hyi, Hy, (Hyi-Hy) and 1/(Hyi-Hy)

184.7

162.1

141.8
129.9
124.4

106.5108.4
94.9 94.4
83.5
71.7
Example 10.5-1: Hy2
1
8. Plot 1/(Hyi-Hy) vs Hyfrom Hy1 to Hy2. Area under the curve = ∫ Hyi-Hy
Hy1
Hyi Hy Hyi-Hy 1/(Hyi-Hy)
94.4 x 103 71.7 x 103 22.7 x 103 4.41 x 10-5
108.4 x 103 83.5 x 103 24.9 x 103 4.02 x 10-5
124.4 x 103 94.9 x 103 29.5 x 103 3.39 x 10-5
141.8 x 103 106.5 x 103 35.3 x 103 2.83 x 10-5
162.1 x 103 118.4 x 103 43.7 x 103 2.29 x 10-5
184.7 x 103 129.9 x 103 54.8 x 103 1.82 x 10-5

Hy2
1
Area under the curve =
∫H = 1.82
1/(Hyi-Hy)

y1 Hyi-Hy

Hy1 Hy2
Hy
Example 10.5-1: L = 1.356 kg water/s.m2
TL2=43.3oC

P = 1.013 x 105 Pa z

G=1.356 kg dry air/s.m2


TL1 = 29.4oC
TG1=29.4oC
Tw = 23.9oC
Given: kGa = 1.207 x 10-7 kgmol/s.m3.Pa & hLa/kGaMBP = 4.187x104 J/kg.K
Hy2
G 1
MBkGaP ∫ Hyi-Hy
9. Calculate z from z =
Hy1
z = 1.356 kg kmol s m2 Pa m (1.82) = 6.98 m
s m2 29 kg 1.207x10-7kmol 1.013 x 105Pa

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