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Introduction and Overview of CSS3

This chapter discusses using cascading style sheets (CSS) to style web pages. It covers the benefits of CSS, the structure of CSS style rules, and basic CSS selectors including type, class, ID and descendant selectors. The chapter also discusses inheritance, external and internal style sheets, and using CSS with HTML elements like <div> and <span>.

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Henry Zegarra Rodriguez
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
32 views

Introduction and Overview of CSS3

This chapter discusses using cascading style sheets (CSS) to style web pages. It covers the benefits of CSS, the structure of CSS style rules, and basic CSS selectors including type, class, ID and descendant selectors. The chapter also discusses inheritance, external and internal style sheets, and using CSS with HTML elements like <div> and <span>.

Uploaded by

Henry Zegarra Rodriguez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 65

Principles of Web Design

6th Edition

Chapter 4 – Cascading Style Sheets


Objectives
• Recognize the benefits of using CSS
• Build a basic style sheet
• Use inheritance to write simpler style rules
• Examine basic selection techniques
• Apply basic selection techniques
• Use class and id selectors
• Use the <div> and <span> elements
• Use other selectors

2
Recognizing the Benefits of
Using CSS

3
The Evolution of CSS
• CSS was developed to standardize display
information
• CSS was slow to be supported by browsers
• Newer browsers offer more complete support
• Latest release is CSS3

4
CSS Style Rules
• In CSS, style rules express the style
characteristics for an HTML element
• A set of style rules is called a style sheet
• Style rules are easy to write and interpret

5
CSS Style Rules
• Style rules are composed of two parts: a
selector and a declaration
• The selector determines the element to which
the rule is applied
• The declaration details the exact property
values

6
CSS Style Rules

7
CSS Style Rules
• The declaration contains a property and a
value
• The property is a quality or characteristic
• The precise specification of the property is
contained in the value
• CSS includes a wide variety of different
properties, each with a specific number of
values

8
CSS Style Rules

9
Combining CSS Style Rules with HTML
You combine CSS with HTML in three ways:
• Inline style
• Internal style sheet
• External style sheet

10
11
Using External Style Sheets
• External style sheets let you specify rules for
multiple web pages
• These are text documents that contain style
rules
• External style sheets have a .css extension

12
Linking to an External Style Sheet
• The link element lets you specify an external
style sheet
• It is used within the <head> section of a
document
<head>
<title>Sample Document</title>
<link href="styles.css"
rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
</head>

13
Using Internal Style Sheets
• Internal style sheets are contained within the
<style> element
• The style element is contained within the <head>
section of the document
• Style rules contained in an internal style sheet
only affect the document in which they reside
<head>
<title>Sample Document</title>
<style>
h1 {color: red;}
</style>
</head>

14
Using Inline Styles
• You can define styles for a single element with
the style attribute
• The style attribute can be used to override a
style that was set at a higher level
• The style attribute is useful for testing styles
during development
• This is the least used method of applying CSS
styles
<h1 style="color: blue">Some Text</h1>

15
Writing Clean CSS Code
• Write CSS code that is consistent and easy to read
• Correct but hard-to-read:
p {font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;
font-size: 85%; line-height: 110%; margin-
left: 30px;}
• Better:
p {
font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;
font-size: 85%;
line-height: 110%;
margin-left: 30px;
}
• Use comments in your code

16
Using Inheritance to Write Simpler
Style Rules

17
Using Inheritance to Write Simpler
Style Rules
• Elements in an HTML document are structured in
a hierarchy
• Parent elements contain child elements
• Elements can be both parent and child elements
• The CSS properties inherit from parent to child
• The property descriptions list whether a property
is inherited
• You can style multiple document elements with
just a few style rules using inheritance

18
19
Using Inheritance to Write Simpler
Style Rules
• Specific style rules:
<style>
h1 {color: red;}
p {color: red;}
ul {color: red;}
em {color: red;}
li {color: red;}
</style>
• Using inheritance:
<style>
body {color: red;}
</style>

20
Examining Basic Selection Techniques

21
Examining Basic Selection Techniques
• In this section, you will review style rule syntax
and learn about the following basic selection
techniques:
– Using type selectors
– Grouping selectors
– Combining declarations
– Using descendant selectors

22
Using Type Selectors
• The selector determines the element to which
a style declaration is applied
• Type selectors are the simplest form of
selector
• They select every element in the document
that matches the style rule
• In the following example, all h1 elements are
red

23
Using Type Selectors

24
Grouping Selectors
• You can group selectors to which the same
rules apply
• Specific style rules:
h1 {color: red;}
h2 {color: red;}
• Grouping selectors:
h1, h2 {color: red;}

25
Combining Declarations
• You can state multiple property declarations for
the same selector
• Specific style rules:
p {color: blue;}
p {font-size: 125%;}
• Combining declarations:
p {
color: blue;
font-size: 125%;
}
26
Using Descendant Selectors
• You can select elements that are descendents
of other elements
• Selecting only <em> elements that are
contained within <p> elements
p em {color: blue;}

27
Using the Universal Selector
• Universal selector lets you select groups of
elements
• Selecting all children of the dead element:
div * {font-family: sans-
serif;}

28
Using class and id Selectors

29
Using class and id Selectors
• You will learn to select elements of an HTML
document using the following methods:
– The class selector
– The id selector
– The <div> and <span> elements
– The pseudo-class and pseudo-element selectors

30
Using the class Selector
• The class selector lets you write rules and give
them a name
• You can apply that name to any element you
choose
• The class attribute lets you apply the style rule
name to an element
• The period (.) flag character indicates the
selector is a class selector

31
Using the Class Selector

32
Using the Class Selector
• Style rule:
.intro {font-size: 125%;}
• Applied in document:
<p class="intro">This is the
first paragraph of thedocument.
It has a different style based
on the "intro”class
selector.</p>

33
34
Using the id Selector
• The difference between id and class is that id
refers to only one instance of the id attribute
value within a document
• The ID attribute is used to identify layout sections of
the page
• The ID attribute uses a pound sign (#) flag character

35
Using the id Selector

36
Using the id Selector
• Applied in document:
<p id=“copyright">This is the
copyright information for the
page.</p>

37
Using the <div> and <span> Elements

38
Using the <div> and <span> Elements
• The <div> (division) and <span> (span of
words) elements are designed to be used with
CSS
• They let you specify logical divisions within a
document that have their own name and style
properties

39
Working with <div> elements
• Use <div> with the class and ID attributes to create
logical divisions on a web page
• A division with an id named column as the selector:
div#column {
width: 200px;
height: auto;
padding: 15px;
border: thin solid;
}
Applied in the document:
<div id="column">This division displays… </div>

40
41
Working with <span> elements
• The span element lets you specify in-line
elements that have their own name and style
properties
• In-line elements reside within a line of text

42
43
Working with <span> elements
• Style rule:
span.logo {
color: white;
background-color: black;
}
• Applied in document:
<p>Welcome to the <span
class="logo">Wonder
Software</span>Web site.</p>

44
Using Other Selectors

45
Using Attribute Selectors
• Attribute selectors let you select an element
based on whether the element contains an
attribute
• Elements can be selected based on a specific
value the attribute contains

46
Using Attribute Selectors
• Attribute selectors match against attributes and
their values
• To select this element:
<img src="images/home.gif"
title="home" alt="Home navigation
button" />
using attribute selectors, you could use the value
that the title attribute contains, as shown:
img[title=home] {border-color: red;}

47
Using Pseudo-Class and Pseudo-
Element Selectors
• Pseudo-classes select elements based on
characteristics other than their element name
• For example, you can change the
characteristics of hypertext links with pseudo-
classes
• Pseudo-elements let you change other aspects
of a document that are not classified by
standard elements such as the first letter or
line of a paragraph

48
Using the Link Pseudo-Classes
• The link pseudo-classes let you change the
style characteristics for four different
hypertext link states
• These pseudo-classes only apply to the <a>
element with an href attribute

49
Using the Link Pseudo-Classes

50
Using the Link Pseudo-Classes
• Because of the specificity of the pseudo-class
selectors, you should always place your link
pseudo-class in the following order:
1. Link
2. Visited
3. Hover
4. Active

51
Using the Link Pseudo-Classes
•The following rules change the colors of the
hypertext links:
:link {color: red;}
:visited {color: green;}

52
Using the :hover Pseudo-Class
•The :hover pseudo-class lets you apply a style
that appears when the user points to an
element with a pointing device
a:hover {background-color:
yellow;}

53
54
Using the :first-letter Pseudo-Element
•Use the :first-letter pseudo-element to apply
style rules to the first letter of any element:
p:first-letter {
font-weight: bold;
font-size: 200%;
}

55
Using the :first-letter Pseudo-Element

56
Using the :first-letter Pseudo-Element

57
Using the :first-letter Pseudo-Element

58
Using the :first-line Pseudo-Element
•The :first-line pseudo-element works in much
the same way as :first-letter
•It affects the first line of text in an element:
p:first-line {text-transform:
uppercase;}

59
Using the :first-line Pseudo-Element

60
Using the :before and :after Pseudo-
Elements
• These psuedo-elements let you insert created
content
• These are useful for repeated content
• For example, the following style rule inserts
the word Figure followed by a colon before an
<P> text that has the flass figtitle:
p.figtitle:before {content: “Figure: “;}

61
62
Understanding How the Cascade
Affects Style Rules
• The cascade means that multiple style sheets
and style rules can apply to the same
document
• Only one rule can apply to an element
• The CSS cascading mechanism determines
which rules apply based on three variables:
– Specificity of the selector
– Order of the rule in the style sheet
– Use of the !important keyword

63
Summary
• CSS rules can be combined with the HTML
code in a number of ways
• CSS is easy to read and write
• CSS uses inheritance and cascading to
determine which style rules take precedence
• You can combine selectors and declarations in
multiple ways
• There are many ways to select elements
64
Summary
• Class and ID attribute selectors are often
paired with <div> and <span> elements to
create layout elements
• The pseudo-class and pseudo-element
selectors let you change color and styling of
links and other elements of a document

65

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