HAZARDOUS The Hazardous Materials Management System

Managing The Incident

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Chapter 1

The Hazardous
Materials
Management
System

Textbook Page

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Objectives
• Describe The Scope And Target Audience Of This
Manual.
• List The Key Legislative, Regulatory, And Voluntary
Consensus Standards That Impact Hazmat
Emergency Planning, And Response Operations.
• Describe The Concept Of “Standard Of Care” As
Applied To Hazardous Materials Training, Planning
And Response.

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Objectives
• Define And Explain The Source Of, And Circumstances For Using,
The Following Terms:
• Hazardous Materials (Hazmats)
• Hazardous Substances
• Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS)
• Hazardous Chemicals
• Hazardous Wastes
• Dangerous Goods
• List And Describe The Components Of The Hazardous Materials
Management System For Managing The Hazardous Materials
Problem Within The Facility Or Community.

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Introduction

• This is a Text about Hazardous Materials Response

• It Is Designed To Provide Both Public And Private
Sector Emergency Response Personnel (ERP)
With A Logical, Building Block System For
Managing Hazardous Materials Emergencies.
• It Is Designed To Begin At The Point Where ERP
Recognize That They Are, In Fact, Dealing With A
Hazardous Materials Emergency.

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Introduction
• Our Primary Target Audience Include:
• Hazardous Materials Technicians
• Hazmat Group Supervisor Or Branch
Director
• On-scene Incident Commander
• Members Of Organized Hazardous
Materials Response Teams (HMRTs)
• Other Special Operations Teams
• Bomb Squads
• Confined Space Rescue Teams

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Introduction

• This Third Edition Has Been Expanded

To Include Additional Information To
Assist The Reader In Meeting The
Cognitive Skill Requirements Of:
• Occupational Safety And Health
Administration (OSHA) 1910.120(q).
• National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
472 Competencies For The Hazardous
Materials Technician And The On-scene
Incident Commander.

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What is A Hazardous Material?

• There Are Many Various Definitions Of What A

Hazardous Materials Is.
• Hazardous Materials —Any Substance Or Material
In Any Form Or Quantity That Poses An
Unreasonable Risk To Safety And Health And
Property When Transported In Commerce (Source:
U.S. Department Of Transportation [DOT], 49 Code
Of Federal Regulations (CFR) 171).

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Hazardous Materials Definitions

• Hazardous Substances — Any Substance
Designated Under The Clean Water Act And The
Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation And Liability Act (CERCLA) As
Posing A Threat To Waterways And The
Environment When Released (Source: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency [EPA], 40 CFR
302). Note: Hazardous Substances As Used
Within OSHA 1910.120 Refers To Every Chemical
Regulated By EPA As A Hazardous Substance And
By DOT As A Hazardous Material.

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Hazardous Materials Definitions

• Extremely Hazardous Substances (EHS) —

chemicals Determined By The EPA To Be Extremely
Hazardous To A Community During An Emergency
Spill Or Release As A Result Of Their Toxicities And
Physical/Chemical Properties (Source: EPA 40
CFR 355).
• Hazardous Chemicals — Any Chemical That Would
Be A Risk To Employees If Exposed In The
Workplace (Source: OSHA, 29 Cfr 1910).

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Hazardous Materials Definitions

• Hazardous Wastes — Discarded Materials

Regulated By The EPA Because Of Public Health
And Safety Concerns. Regulatory Authority Is
Granted Under The Resource Conservation And
Recovery Act (RCRA). (Source: EPA, 40 CFR 260–
281).
• Dangerous Goods — In International
Transportation, Hazardous Materials Are Commonly
Referred To As “Dangerous Goods.”

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Ludwig Benner’s Definition

• Hazmat Emergency Response
Primarily Focuses On The
Interaction Of The Hazmat And Its
Container.
• For The Purposes Of This Text, We
Will Use The Definition Of A
Hazardous Material Developed By
Ludwig Benner, Jr.
• Hazardous Materials—any Substance
That Jumps Out Of Its Container When
Something Goes Wrong And Hurts Or
Harms The Things It Touches.

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Ludwig Benner’s Definition

• The Definition Recognizes That

Emergency Response Is As
Much A Container Behavior
Problem As It Is A Chemical
Problem.
• A Hazardous Materials Incident Can
Then Be Defined As The Release, Or
Potential Release, Of A Hazardous
Material From Its Container Into The
Environment.

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Hazmat Laws, Regulations, And Standards

• Operations Involving The Manufacture,

Transport, And Use Of Hazardous
Materials, And Response, Are
Impacted By A Large Body Of Laws,
Regulations, And Voluntary Consensus
Standards.
• Laws Are Primarily Created Through
An Act Of Congress, By Individual
State Legislatures, Or By Local
Government Bodies.

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Hazmat Laws, Regulations, And Standards

• Regulations, Sometimes Called Rules,

Are Created By Federal Or State
Agencies As A Method Of Providing
Guidelines For Complying With A Law
That Was Enacted Through Legislative
Action.
• Voluntary Consensus Standards Are
Normally Developed Through
Professional Organizations Or Trade
Associations As A Method Of Improving
The Individual Quality Of A Product Or
System.

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Federal Hazmat Laws

• RCRA —The Resource Conservation
And Recovery Act (1976)
• CERCLA —The Comprehensive Environmental
Response Compensation And Liability Act (1980)
“Superfund”
• SARA — Superfund Amendments And
Reauthorization Act Of 1986.
• CAA —The Clean Air Act
• OPA — Oil Pollution Act Of 1990

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Hazmat Regulations

• Regulations
• Define The Broad Performance Required
To Meet The Letter Of The Law
(I.E., Performance-oriented Standards)
• Provide Very Specific And Detailed Guidance On
Satisfying The Regulation (I.E., Specification
Standards).

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Federal Regulations
• Hazardous Waste Operations And
Emergency Response (29 CFR 1910.120)
• Community Emergency Planning Regulations
(40 CFR 301-303)
• Risk Management Programs For Chemical Accidental Release
Prevention (40 CFR Part 68)
• Hazard Communication (Hazcom) Regulation
(29 CFR 1910.1200)
• Hazardous Materials Transportation Regulations (49 CFR 100–199)
• National Contingency Plan Or NCP (40 CFR 300, Subchapters A Through
J)

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HAZWOPER - (29 CFR 1910.120)

• This Regulation Establishes Important Requirements For Both

Industry And Public Safety Organizations That Respond To Hazmat
Or Hazardous Waste Emergencies.
• This Includes Firefighters, Law Enforcement And EMS Personnel,
Hazmat Responders, And Industrial Emergency Response Team
(ERT) Members.
• Requirements Cover The Following Areas:
• Hazmat Emergency Response Plan
• Emergency Response Procedures
• Specific Training Requirements Covering Instructors And Both Initial And
Refresher Training
• Medical Surveillance Programs
• Post Emergency Termination Procedures

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HAZWOPER - Levels of Response

• First Responder - Awareness Level

• These Are Individuals Who Are Likely To
Witness Or Discover A Hazardous Substance
Release And Who Have Been Trained To Initiate
An Emergency Response Notification Process.
• First Responder – Operation Level
• These Are Individuals Who Respond To
Releases Or Potential Releases Of Hazardous
Substances As Part Of The Initial Response For
The Purpose Of Protecting Nearby Persons,
Property, Or The Environment From The Effects
Of The Release.

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HAZWOPER - Levels of Response

• Hazardous Materials Technician

• These Are Individuals Who Respond To
Releases Or Potential Releases For The
Purposes Of Stopping The Release.

• Hazardous Materials Specialists

• Hazardous Materials Specialists Shall
Have Received At Least 24 Hours Of
Training Equal To The Technician Level

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HAZWOPER - Levels of Response

• On-scene Incident Commander

• Incident Commanders, Who Will
Assume Control Of The Incident
Scene Beyond The First
Responder–awareness Level, Shall
Receive At Least 24 Hours Of
Training Equal To The First
Responder–operations Level.

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HAZWOPER - Levels of Response

• Skilled Support Personnel

• These Are Personnel Who
Are Skilled In The Operation
Of Certain Equipment, Such
As Cranes And Hoisting
Equipment, And Who Are
Needed Temporarily To
Perform Immediate
Emergency Support Work
That Cannot Reasonably Be
Performed In A Timely
Fashion By Emergency
Response Personnel.

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HAZWOPER - Levels of Response

• Specialist Employees
• These Are Employees Who, In The
Course Of Their Regular Job
Duties, Work With And Are Trained
In The Hazards Of Specific
Hazardous Substances, And Who
Will Be Called Upon To Provide
Technical Advice Or Assistance To
The Incident Commander At A
Hazmat Incident.

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Community Emergency Planning Regulations

40 CFR 301-303
• Regulation Is The Result Of SARA, Title III And
Mandates The Establishment Of Both State And
Local Planning Groups To Review Or Develop
Hazardous Materials Response Plans.
• The State Planning Groups Are Referred To As The
State Emergency Response Commission (SERC)
• The Coordinating Point For Both Planning And
Training Activities At The Local Level Is The Local
Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC)

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Community Emergency Planning Regulations

• The LEPC Is Specifically Responsible For Developing
And/Or Coordinating The Local Emergency Response
System And Capabilities.
• Develop, Regularly Test, And Exercise The Hazmat
Emergency Operations Plan.
• Conduct A Hazards Analysis Of Hazmat Facilities And
Transportation Corridors Within The Community.
• Receive And Manage Hazmat Facility Reporting Information.
• Coordinate The Community Right-to-know Aspects Of Sara,
Title Iii.

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Risk Management Programs For Chemical

Accidental Release Prevention
40 CFR Part 68
• Promulgated Under Amendments To The Clean Air
Act, This Regulation Requires That Facilities That
Manufacture, Process, Use, Store, Or Otherwise
Handle Certain Regulated Substances Above
Established Threshold Values Develop And
Implement Risk Management Programs (RMP).

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Risk Management Programs For Chemical

Accidental Release Prevention
• Risk Management Programs Consist Of Three
Elements:
• Hazard Assessment Of The Facility, Including The Worst-case
Accidental Release And An Analysis Of Potential Off-site
Consequences.
• Prevention Program, Which Addresses Safety Precautions,
Maintenance, Monitoring, And Employee Training. EPA
Believes That The Prevention Program Should Adopt And
Build Upon The OSHA Process Safety Management Standard.
• Emergency Response Considerations, Including Facility
Emergency Response Plans, Informing Public And Local
Agencies, Emergency Medical Care, And Employee Training.

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Hazard Communication (Hazcom) Regulation

29 CFR 1910.1200
• HAZCOM Is A Federal Regulation
That Requires Hazardous Materials
Manufacturers And Handlers
To Develop Written
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) On Specific
Types Of Hazardous Chemicals.
• Under The Hazcom Requirements, Hazmat
Health Exposure Information Should Be
Provided To Emergency Responders During The
Termination Phase, And All Exposures Should
Be Documented.

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Hazardous Materials Transportation Regulations

49 CFR 100–199
• This Series Of Regulations Is Issued And Enforced
By The U.S. Dot. The Regulations Govern
Container Design, Chemical Compatibility,
Packaging And Labeling Requirements, Shipping
Papers, Transportation Routes And Restrictions,
And So Forth.

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National Contingency Plan Or NCP

40 CFR 300, Subchapters A Through J

• This Plan Outlines The Policies And Procedures Of
The Federal Agency Members Of The National Oil
And Hazardous Materials Response Team (Also
Known As The National Response Team, Or The
NRT).
• The Regulation Provides Guidance For Emergency
Responses, Remedial Actions, Enforcement, And
Funding Mechanisms For Federal Government
Response To Hazmat Incidents.

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State Regulations
• Each Of The 50 States And The U.S. Territories Maintains
An Enforcement Agency That Has Responsibility For
Hazardous Materials.
• The Three Key Players In Each State
• The State Fire Marshal
• The State Occupational Safety And Health Administration
• The State Department Of The Environment (Sometimes Known
As Natural Resources Or Environmental Quality).
• State Governments May Also Maintain An Environmental
Enforcement Agency And Environmental Crimes Unit

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Voluntary Consensus Standards

• Standards Developed Through The Voluntary
Consensus Process Play An Important Role In
Increasing Both Workplace And Public Safety.
• Consensus Standards Are Also Updated More
Regularly Than Governmental Regulations And Can
Usually Be Developed More Quickly To Meet Issues
Of The Day.
• In Many Respects, A Voluntary Consensus
Standard Provides A Way For Individual
Organizations And Corporations To Self-regulate
Their Business Or Profession.

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Voluntary Consensus Standards

• Among The Most Important Consensus

Standards Used Within The Hazmat
Response Are The Following:
• NFPA 471— Recommended Practice For
Responding To Hazardous Material Incidents.
• NFPA 472 — Standard For Professional
Competence Of Responders To Hazardous
Material Incidents.
• NFPA 473 - Standard For Professional
Competence Of EMS Personnel Responding
To Hazardous Material Incidents

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Voluntary Consensus Standards

• NFPA 472 Provides Competencies For The Following
Levels Of Hazmat Responders:
• First Responder At The Awareness Level
• First Responder At The Operational Level
• Hazardous Materials Technician
• Incident Commander
• Private Sector Specialist Employee
• Level C
• Level B
• Level A
• Hazardous Materials Branch Officer.
• Hazardous Materials Technician With A Specialty

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NFPA 473 - Standard For Professional Competence Of EMS

Personnel Responding To Hazardous Material Incidents

• The Purpose Of NFPA 473 Is To Specify Minimum

Requirements Of Competence And To Enhance
The Safety And Protection Of Response Personnel
And All Components Of The Emergency Medical
Services System.
• EMS/HM Level I. Persons Who, In The Course Of Their
Normal Duties, May Be Called On To Perform Patient Care
Activities In The Cold Zone At A Hazmat Incident.
• EMS/HM Level II. Persons Who, In The Course Of Their
Normal Duties, May Be Called On To Perform Patient Care
Activities In The Warm Zone At A Hazmat Incident.

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NFPA Technical Committee On Hazardous Materials

Protective Clothing And Equipment (NFPA 1991, 1992, 1994)
• This Technical Committee Is Responsible For The Development
Of Standards And Documents Pertaining To The Use Of Personal
Protective Clothing And Equipment By Emergency Responders At
Hazardous Materials Incidents.
• Three Hazmat Protective Clothing Standards Have Been
Developed:
• NFPA 1991— Standard On Vapor-protective Ensembles For
Hazardous Materials Emergencies
• NFPA 1992 — Standard On Liquid Splash-protective Ensembles For
Hazardous Materials Emergencies
• NFPA 1994 — Standard On Protective Ensembles For Chemical /
Biological Terrorism Incidents

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Other Standards Organizations

• American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

• American Petroleum Institute (API)
• American Society For Testing And Materials
(ASTM)
• The Chlorine Institute
• Compressed Gas Association (CGA)
• National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
• Safety Equipment Institute (SEI)

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Standard Of Care
• "Standard Of Care" Is A Widely Accepted Practice Or
Standard That Is Followed By The Majority Of U.S.
Emergency Response Organizations.
• It Represents The Minimum Accepted Level Of Hazardous
Materials Emergency Service That Should Be Provided
Regardless Of Location Or Situation.
• Standard Of Care Is Established By Existing Laws And
Regulations, As Well As Voluntary Consensus Standards And
Recommended Practices.
• Standard Of Care Is Also Determined By Local Protocols And
Practices or What Has Been Accepted In The Past (I.E.,
Precedent).

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Standard Of Care
• Standard Of Care Is Also Influenced By Legal Findings And
Case Law Precedents Established Through The Judicial
System.
• Standard Of Care Is A Dynamic Element And Historically Has
Improved Over Time.
• Emergency Responders Must Recognize:
• A Standard Of Care Exists; And
• The "High Bar" Is Constantly Moving Upward.
• Training And Continuing Education Are Among The Best Ways
To Ensure That You Will Be Able To Provide The Mandated
Standard Of Care.

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How Do I Know If I’m Meeting The Standard Of Care?

 Here’s A Simple Score Card:

 Our Operations Must Be Legal And Within The
Requirements Of The Law

 Our Actions And Decisions Must Be Consistent

With Voluntary Consensus Standards And
Recommended Practices

 Our Actions And Decisions To Control A

Problem Should Have A Technical Foundation

 Our Actions And Decisions Must Be Ethical

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The Hazardous Materials Management System

• In 1973, Congress Issued America Burning, A

Historical Report On The Nation’s Fire Problem.
• The Report Significantly Influenced The Way We
Manage The Fire Problem Today.
• There Are Four Key Elements In A Hazardous
Materials Management Systems Approach:
• Planning And Preparedness
• Prevention
• Response
• Clean-up And Recovery

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Planning And Preparedness

• Planning Is The First And Most Critical Element Of
The System.
• Hazards Analysis — Analysis Of The Hazardous
Materials Present In The Community, Including Their
Location, Quantity, Specific Physical And Chemical
Properties, Previous Incident History, Surrounding
Exposures And Risk Of Release.
• Contingency (Emergency) Planning — A
Comprehensive And Coordinated Response To The
Hazmat Problem. This Response Builds Upon The
Hazards Analysis And Recognizes That No Single Public
Or Private Sector Agency Is Capable Of Managing The
Hazmat Problem By Itself.

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Planning And Preparedness

• Hazards Analysis
• A Hazard Analysis Provides The Following Benefits:
• It Lets Emergency Response Personnel (ERP) Know What To
Expect.
• It Provides Planning For Less Frequent Incidents.
• It Creates An Awareness Of New Hazards.
• It May Indicate A Need For Preventive Actions, Such As Monitoring
Systems, Remote Isolation And Process Modifications.
• It Offers An Opportunity To Evaluate Using Reduced Chemical
Inventories Or Alternative Chemicals To Lower The Consequences
Of An Event.
• It Increases The Chance Of Successful Emergency Operations.

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Planning And Preparedness

• There Are Four Components Of A

Hazard Analysis Program:
• Hazards Identification
• Vulnerability Analysis
• Risk Analysis
• Emergency Response Resources
Evaluation

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Process Safety Management

• Hazards Analysis Techniques

• Methods Commonly Used By Safety Professionals
Within Industry Include The Following:
• What If Analysis.
• HAZOP Study.
• Failure Modes, Effects, And Criticality Analysis (FMECA).
• Fault Tree Analysis
• Event Tree Analysis

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Contingency And Emergency Planning

• There Are Many Federal, State, And Local

Requirements That Apply To Emergency Planning.
The One That Most Directly Affects ERP Is Title III
Of The Superfund Amendments And
Reauthorization Act Of 1986.
• SARA Title III Requires The Establishment Of State
Emergency Response Commissions (SERC) And
Local Emergency Planning Committees (LEPC).

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Contingency And Emergency Planning

• An Overview Of The SARA Title III Emergency

Planning Process, Including The Following:
• Organizing The Planning Team
• Defining And Implementing The Major Tasks Of The
Planning Team
• Writing The Plan
• Revising, Testing, And Maintaining The Plan

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The Haz Mat Planning Process

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Prevention
• The Responsibility For The Prevention Of Hazmat
Releases Is Shared Between The Public And
Private Sectors.
• Prevention Activities Often Include The Following:
• Hazmat Process, Container Design, And Construction
Standards
• Almost All Hazardous Materials Facilities, Containers, And
Processes Are Designed And Constructed To Some
Standard.
• All Containers Used For The Transportation Of Hazardous
Materials Are Designed And Constructed To Both
Specification And Performance Regulations Established By
U.S. DOT

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Prevention

• Inspection And Enforcement

• U.S. DOT Agencies With Hazardous Materials Regulatory
Responsibilities:
• Office Of Hazardous Materials Safety (HMS) Of The
Research And Special Programs Administration (RSPA).
• Office Of Hazardous Materials Enforcement (OHME) Of The
office Of Hazardous Materials Safety (HMS).
• Office Of Pipeline Safety (OPS) Of The Research And
Special Programs Administration (RSPA).
• Federal Railroad Administration (FRA).
• Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).
• U.S. Coast Guard (USCG).

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Prevention

• Public Education
• Hazmat Is A Concern Not Only For Industry But Also For
The Community. The Average Homeowner Contributes To
This Problem By Improperly Disposing Of Substances.
• Many Communities Have Initiated Full-time Household
Chemical Waste Awareness, Education, And Disposal
Programs.

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Prevention

• Handling, Notification, And Reporting Requirements

• There Are Many Federal, State, And Local Regulations
That Require Those Who Manufacture, Store, Or
Transport Hazardous Materials And Hazardous Wastes To
Comply With Certain Handling, Notification, And Reporting
Rules.
• Key Federal Regulations Include
• CERCLA (Superfund)
• RCRA
• SARA, Title III.

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Response

• Response Activities Should Be Based Upon The

Information And Probabilities Identified During The
Planning Process.
• While Every Community Should Have Access To A
Hazmat Response Capability, That Capability Does
Not Always Have To Be Provided By Either Local
Government Or The Fire Service.
• Numerous States And Regions Have Established
Both Statewide And Regional Hazmat Response
Team Systems

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Response
• Response Groups
• The Emergency Response Community Consists Of
Various Agencies And Individuals Who Respond To
Hazmat Incidents.
• They Can Be Categorized Based Upon Their Knowledge,
Expertise, And Resources. These Responders Can Be
Compared To The Levels Of Capability Found Within A
Typical EMS System.

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Haz Mat Vs EMS

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Level of Incident - Community

• Level I
Potential Emergency
Conditions

• Level II
Limited Emergency
Conditions

• Level III
Full Emergency
Conditions

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Level of Incident – Petrochemical Industry

• Level 1
Incident

• Level 2
Serious Incident

• Level 3
Crisis Situation

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Hazmat Response Team (HMRT)

• NFPA 472 Defines An HMRT As
An Organized Group Of Trained
Response Personnel Operating
Under An Emergency
Operations Plan And
Appropriate Standard Operating
Procedures, Who Are Expected
To Perform Work To Handle And
Control Actual Or Potential
Leaks Or Spills Of Hazardous
Materials Requiring Close
Approach To The Material.

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Hazmat Response Team (HMRT)

• In Evaluating The Need For An HMRT,

Consider The Following Points:
• There Is No Single Department Or Agency
That Can Effectively Manage The Hazmat
Issue By Itself.
• Every Community Does Not Require A
HMRT.
• An HMRT Will Not Necessarily Solve The
Hazmat Problem.
• There Are Numerous Constraints And
Requirements Associated With Developing
An Effective HMRT Capability.

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Hazmat Response Team (HMRT)

• Successful HMRT Response Programs
Are Those Who Truly Understand What
Services An HMRT Can Provide At All
Emergencies, Not Just Those Involving
Hazardous Materials.
• The HMRT Is Not A Chemical Resource;
It Is A Health And Safety Resource With
Capabilities That Can Be Used In A
Variety Of Response Scenarios,
Including Hazardous Materials,
Confined Space, Structural Collapse,
Aircraft Accidents, And Other Significant
Fires And Emergencies.

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Hazmat Response Team (HMRT)

• HMRTs Typically Function As A Group Or Sector
Within The Incident Command System (ICS)
Under The Direct Control Of A Hazardous
Materials Group Supervisor.
• HMRT Members Must Be Properly Trained And
Must Participate In A Medical Surveillance
Program Based Upon The Requirements Of 29
CFR 1910.120.
• Both OSHA 1910.120 And NFPA 472
Recommend That HMRT Personnel Be Trained
To The Hazardous Materials Technician Level.

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Clean-up And Recovery

• Clean-up And Recovery

Operations Are Designed To
• Clean Up Or Remove The Hazmat
Spill Or Release
• Restore The Facility And/Or
Community Back To Normal As
Soon As Possible.
• Clean-up Operations Fall Under
The Guidelines Of Hazwoper,
CERCLA (Superfund), And
RCRA

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Clean-up And Recovery

• Clean-up Activities Can Be Classified As
Follows:
• Short-term —Those Actions Immediately
Following A Hazmat Release That Are Primarily
Directed Toward The Removal Of Any Immediate
Hazards And Restoring Vital Support Services

• Long-term —Those Remedial Actions That Return

Vital Support Systems Back To Normal Or
Improved Operating Levels. Examples Would
Include Groundwater Treatment Operations, The
Mitigation Of Both Aboveground And
Underground Spills, And The Monitoring Of
Flammable And Toxic Contaminants.

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Clean-up And Recovery

• Role Of Emergency Responders During
Clean-up Operations
• Many Plant-level Industrial Responders Are Also
Responsible For The Clean-up Of Minor Spills And
Releases So That Facility Operations May
Continue.
• At Short-Term Operations Immediately Following
An Incident, The Incident Commander Should
Ensure That The Work Area Is Closely Controlled,
That The General Public Is Denied Entry, And That
The Safety Of Emergency Responders And The
Public Is Maintained During Clean-up And
Recovery Operations.

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Clean-up And Recovery

• Role Of Emergency Responders
During Clean-up Operations
• Long-term Clean-up And Recovery
Operations Do Not Normally Require The
Continuous Presence Of The Fire Service.
• Clean-up Operations Should Conform To
The General Health And Safety
Requirements Of Both State And Federal
EPA And OSHA Standards.

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Summary

• Hazardous Materials Are A Multi-disciplined

Problem Requiring An Organized Facility-level And
Community-level Approach.
• Although This Textbook Is Primarily Oriented
Towards Managing And Implementing Emergency
Response Operations, One Should Recognize That
Response Accounts For Only A Small Portion Of An
Effective, Comprehensive Hazmat Management
Program.

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O.T. and The Kid

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