AN OVERVIEW OF THE CONTEMPORARY ISSUES

IN ENGINEERING EDUCATION IN INDIA --

CONTENTS OF PRESENTATION

Prof R Natarajan
Former Chairman , All India Council for Technical Education
Former Director , Indian Institute of Technology , Madras
[email protected]
AN OVERVIEW OF THE CONTEMPORARY ISSUES
IN ENGINEERING EDUCATION IN INDIA --
CONTENTS OF PRESENTATION

 Scope of Technical Education (India)

 Why India Will be Increasingly Important in the
Coming Decades
 Quantitative Trends
 How India is Focusing on Priority Areas
 Some Current Issues in Engineering Education
 Rationale For Re-design of the Engineering
Education System
 Some More Contemporary Issues
A Summary of the Features of Indian Engineering
Education
 SCOPE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Technical Education in India, as a result of the

definition provided by the AICTE Act, includes, in
addition to Engineering, the following:
 Management,
Architecture,
Pharmacy,
Computer Applications,
Hotel Management and Catering Technology, and
Applied Arts and Crafts

3
WHY INDIA WILL BE INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT
IN THE COMING DECADES

4
 PROJECTED RELATIVE SIZE OF ECONOMIES

Country GDP in US$ Terms GDP in PPP Terms

2005 2050 2005 2050

USA 100 100 100 100

JAPAN 39 23 32 23

CHINA 18 94 76 143

UK 18 15 16 15

INDIA 6 58 30 100

Source : PricewaterhouseCoopers Report :

World In 2050
By 2050, in $ terms India’s GDP will have overtaken that of UK
and Japan and in PPP terms will have equalled USA. 5
 Working Age Population (15-59 Yrs)
World : 100

2000 2050

India 17 19
China 23 14
USA 5 5*
West Europe 3 2
Japan 2 1

* USA adds significantly by its liberal immigration policy.

Source: UN World Population Prospects Database 2004

The only country for which the number is rising is INDIA.

In 50 years, nearly ONE IN FIVE IN THE WORLD WILL BE INDIAN
 ADVANTAGE INDIA – SOME EXAMPLES

 Global Success of IT entrepreneurs (Silicon Valley, for

example)
 Success of Indian MNCs (Tata Motors, “SWITCH” IT
companies, NIIT, ….)
 Demographic Dividend (global workforce reservoir)
 Space, Nuclear Power – exclusive global groups

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QUANTITATIVE TRENDS
 GROWTH OF DIFFERENT PROGRAMS
IN TECHNICAL INSTITUTIONS

Year Engine Manag MCA Pharm Archite HMCT Total Added

ering ement acy cture in Year

2005-06 1475 1888 1576 629 118 70 5756 383

2006-07 1511 2031 1619 665 116 64 6006 250

2007-08 1668 2062 1642 854 116 81 6423 417

2008-09 2388 2734 1768 1021 116 87 8114 1691

2009-10 2942 3482 1888 1054 106 93 9565 1451

2010-11 3241 3858 1937 1102 125 101 10364 799

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 GROWTH OF SEATS IN DIFFERENT PROGRAMS IN
TECHNICAL INSTITUTIONS

Year Engineer Manage MCA Pharma Archite HMCT Total Added

ing ment cy cture in Year

2005-06 499697 122663 61991 32708 4379 4435 725873 40691

2006-07 550986 144372 63394 39517 4543 4242 807054 81181

2007-08 653290 185780 78692 52334 4543 5275 979914 182860

2008-09 841018 227989 82578 64211 4543 5794 1226133 246219

2009-10 1071896 273732 121123 72836 4133 6387 1550107 323974

2010-11 1324246 378907 135173 103867 4933 7061 1954482 404375

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GROWTH OF TECHNICAL INSTITUTIONS IN INDIA
– YEAR WISE ADDITIONS AND GROSS NUMBER
GROWTH OF TECHNICAL INSTITUTIONS IN INDIA –
BRANCH WISE
 GROWTH OF ADMISSION CAPACITY IN
TECHNICAL EDUCATION IN INDIA – YEAR WISE
ADDITIONS AND GROSS NUMBER
 GROWTH OF ADMISSION CAPACITY IN
TECHNICAL EDUCATION IN INDIA- BRANCH WISE
A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
 ASYMMETRIES IN OUR TECHNICAL EDUCATION SYSTEM

] Asymmetry ] Disparity
] Divide ] Imbalances
] Diversity ] Inequities

CHARACTERISTIC A B

 Geographical Regions with high density of Regions with low density of

Institutions Institutions
(SR, SWR, WR) (ER, NER)
 Disciplines IT - related courses Conventional courses

 Level Degree Diploma

 Location Urban Rural

 Funding and Governance Government Self --- financin

g
Exam. System Affiliated Autonomous, Deemed University

 ASYMMETRIES IN OUR TECHNICAL EDUCATION SYSTEM

CHARACTERISTIC A B
 Prospective employers Large scale, corporate SMEs
sector
 Employment Seeking Generating
 Level UG PG
 Research Experimental Computer based-
 Nature of institution Research University Teaching institution
 Subject Areas Science and Arts and Commerce
Technology
 Specialization Generalist Specialist
 Prosperity of Rich Poor
Stakeholders
 Access to
information Information haves Information have nots -
EVOLUTION OF UNIVERSITY RESEARCH AND
INDUSTRIAL CONSULTANCY IN INDIA
 During the Early Years (70’s)
“Publish or Perish”
 Later Years (80’s)
“Publish and Consult; or Perish”.
 Recent Years – post WTO
“Patent, then Publish; and Prosper”.
 The Open -Source Revolution
“ Publish, Share; and Feel-Good”
 HOW INDIA IS FOCUSSING ON PRIORITY AREAS

1.Significant unmet 1.Major enhancement of admission capacity in

demand of eligible both public and private institutions
school-leavers for
entry into engg
institutions.

2.Paucity of 2.NPTEL Project for developing curriculum-

qualified teachers based learning resource materials.

3.Paucity of Ph.D.s 3.Significant enhancement in Ph.D. admission

capacity in engineering institutions and research
fellowships.

4.Quality of 4.Re-design of Accreditation processes aligned

engineering with Washington Accord (and ABET) outcomes –
institutions based criteria.

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 INDIAN DECADE OF INNOVATION

 President’s Address to the Parliament

on June 4, 2009
 “My Government will ensure that its policies for
Education and S&T are infused with a spirit of
innovation, so that the creativity of a billion people
is unleashed.
 The next ten years would be dedicated as a
Decade of Innovation”
 National Innovation Council established under
the chairmanship of Sam Pitroda.

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 SOME CURRENT ISSUES IN
ENGINEERING EDUCATION

 The (generation gap) between:

those who teach and those who learn
those who recruit and those who seek jobs
those who frame policies and those who function
within the system
theory and practice of assessment of :
learning, and of performance on the job
 How do we close these gaps?

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 AUTONOMY

Whom to teach – Students

What to teach – Curriculum
Who will teach – Faculty
How to assess – Exams

Academic
Administrative – Managerial
Financial
Functional

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DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS OF BUZZWORDS IN
HIGHER EDUCATION

•Access •Equity
Inclusion Expansion
Excellence Affordability
Diversity Sustainable
Development
Employability Relevance
Global Engineer Innovation
Glocal Quality

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 A CHANGING WORLD

Worldwide changes
 Changes in technology
 Changes in education and training
 Changes to work and professions
 Changes in management and organisation of
institutions

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GLOBALISATION--DIFFERENCES IN PERCEPTIONS
OF DCs AND LDCs

Sector Developed Countries Developing Countries

Favorable trading deregulation

Economy opportunities enhanced privatization
currency integration
expanded markets

Enhanced markets for study opportunities abroad

Education educational products , for those who can afford it
processes and services Competition to local
making up for reduced institutions
indigenous demand
leads to erosion of jobs leads to off-shore jobs
Employment competition from low opportunities for
wage work force from short-term employment
LDCs abroad

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 SWOT ANALYSIS OF A TRADITIONAL ENGINEER

STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES
 Analytical Capabilities  Ability to work in a Team
 Design Capabilities --  Inter-disciplinary knowledge
 ability to handle open-ended problems  Practical orientation (academics)
 ability to handle poorly-defined problems  Commercial orientation
 creativity and innovation  Introspective nature, modesty
 Decision-making, including problem-solving  Oral and written communication skills
 Graphical communication skills  Integrative skills
 Discipline,Work ethic.  Ability to employ IT
 Obsolescence (remedy : Continuing Education)
 Inter-personal skills
 Public perception and recognition

OPPORTUNITIES THREATS
 Most real-life problems require contributions  Competition from Scientists, Economists,
from Engineers Financial Experts, Administrators in high-level
decision-making bodies.
 National policies recognize role of S & T
 Quantitative expansion in Technical Education
 Business recognizes role of Technology
without simultaneous Quality assurance
 Ambition of bright youth to become Engineers
 Industrial development entails depletion of
 Globalisation offers opportunities for natural resources and environment
acquisition of state-of-the art technologies degradation -- Engineers held responsible for
these.
 A COMPARISON OF THE TRADITIONAL AND
XXI CENTURY ATTRIBUTES OF ENGINEERS

TRADITIONAL ATTRIBUTES XXI CENTURY ATTRIBUTES

 Problem-solving abilities  Learnability: learning to learn, on one's
 Analytical skills own
 Communication skills —  Yen for life-long learning —continuous
 Oral, written, graphic education
 Ability to relate to practical aspects of  Ability to muster knowledge from
engineering neighboring disciplines
 Inter-personal skills
 Ability to work in a team
 Management skills
 Decision-making skills  Exposure to commercial disciplines
 Design capabilities  Creativity and Innovation
 ability to handle open-ended  Integrative skills
problems  International outlook
 ability to handle poorly-defined  Ability to employ IT
problems
 Ability to work at interfaces between
 Discipline, work ethic
traditional disciplines
 Commitment to sustainable development
 RATIONALE FOR RE-DESIGN OF
THE ENGINEERING EDUCATION SYSTEM

 ENVIRONMENT, AMBIENCE
 Significant Impact of Technology on:
Education, Industry, Commerce, Lifestyle,
Entertainment, Society
 Demand for Mass Education
 Widening of Disparities:
• Technology Divide
• Digital Divide
• Prosperity Divide
• Literacy/Education Divide

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 RATIONALE FOR RE-DESIGN OF
THE ENGINEERING EDUCATION SYSTEM

 Increased Uncertainty, Lowered Predictability

 Importance of Institute-Industry Interaction

 Potential of ET and ICT for enhancing

the effectiveness of Learning

 Distance Education / Virtual University Initiatives

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 RATIONALE FOR RE-DESIGN OF
THE ENGINEERING EDUCATION SYSTEM

 Changing Employer – Employee Loyalty Relationships :

Implications of:
• Lifetime employment
• Outsourcing
• Down / Right-sizing
• Hire and Fire

 Quality Assurance and Accreditation

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 RATIONALE FOR RE-DESIGN OF
THE ENGINEERING EDUCATION SYSTEM

• Significant Changes in the Practice of Engineering as a

Profession in the new millennium :
• Constraints imposed by environmental considerations
• Customization demanded by diverse customers
• Opportunities offered by technology developments in
several sectors
• Availability of sophisticated diagnostic and
computational tools
• Wide choice of materials
• Implications of Globalization, such as , for example,
Innovation as the basis of Competitiveness

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 RATIONALE FOR RE-DESIGN OF
THE ENGINEERING EDUCATION SYSTEM

RE-DESIGN OF THE ENGINEERING EDUCATION

SYSTEM
 Changing and Emerging Roles of:
• Leadership, Governance
• Faculty : Teaching, Mentoring, Assessment
• Support Services
 Redefined Goals of Technical Education:
• Quality, Excellence, World-Class
• International Competitiveness
• National Relevance

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 RATIONALE FOR RE-DESIGN OF
THE ENGINEERING EDUCATION SYSTEM

 Redefined Goals of Technical Education (cont’d):

• Appropriate Technical Education
• Identification of Stakeholders, and
Fulfillment of their Requirements
• Emerging Demands of the Profession
• Professional Ethics and Human Values
• Social and Societal Responsibility
• Sustainable Development
• Environmental and Ecological Responsibility
• Resource Conservation

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 RATIONALE FOR RE-DESIGN OF
THE ENGINEERING EDUCATION SYSTEM

 Perspective Planning:
• Manpower Development
• Discipline-wise distribution
• Regional distribution
• Level-wise distribution : Degree / Diploma
• Ph.D and P.G. programs
• Emerging Thrust Areas

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 RATIONALE FOR RE-DESIGN OF
THE ENGINEERING EDUCATION SYSTEM

 Emerging Models:
• Technological Universities
• Deemed Universities
• Virtual Universities / Distance Education
• Autonomous vs Affiliated Institutions
• Twinning arrangements with foreign institutions
• "Brick" , "Click" & "Hybrid" Models.

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 SOME MORE CONTEMPORARY ISSUES

 I .Which Stakeholder should dictate our System?

• Student
• Employer / Recruiter
• Institution
• Faculty

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 SOME MORE CONTEMPORARY ISSUES

II Conflicts :

• Short-range perspective of Employers vs.

Long-range perspectives of Academics
• Soft skills demands of Employers vs.
Hard skills focus of Academics.
 A person with hard skills, but no soft skills:
 'Nerd', not a Leader
 A person with soft skills, but no hard skills:
 Bluff-master, gas-bag
• Institution's perception of a Faculty member
as a Commodity, a 9-5 worker; a commodity
which can be purchased in the market.

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 SOME MORE CONTEMPORARY ISSUES

III Internal Brain Drain (criticized)

Students given professional education (Engineering ,
e.g) taking up careers un-related to their education and
training
Particularly, Marketing, Advertising, Finance attract
criticism.
We have learned to accept External Brain Drain :
• Brain Gain, Brain Circulation
• The Success of the Silicon Valley Entrepreneurs
• Offshore jobs from India
• Alumni support to their Alma Maters

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 THE SYMBIOTIC AND SYNERGISTIC
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
UNIVERSITY AND INDUSTRY

• University is the intermediary between two important Stakeholders:

 Students
 Employers

• We need bridges between Engineers in University and Industry

through committed Educators, Researchers and Professionals.

• The two Partners need and depend on each other, and derive mutual
benefit from the partnership – Symbiosis.

• The overall impact can be much greater when the two partners
function in phase and in resonance – Synergy.

• It is necessary to create a win-win partnership for both partners.

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 A SUMMARY OF THE FEATURES OF INDIAN
ENGINEERING EDUCATION

 Our Technical Education System is characterized by

• Huge size
• Many Asymmetries and Divides
• Diversity (of many types)
• Variable Quality
• Frequent changes of Policy
•Many International Collaborations
• Many Strengths and Weaknesses
• Many Opportunities and Challenges

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