Lecture 3

Control Structures

Selection: else/if and switch

1
2.1 Introduction

 Before writing a program

 Have a thorough understanding of problem
 Carefully plan your approach for solving it
 While writing a program
 Know what “building blocks” are available
 Use good programming principles

2
2.2 Algorithms
 Computing problems
 Solved by executing a series of actions in a
specific order
 Algorithm is a procedure determining
 Actions to be executed
 Order to be executed
 Example: recipe
 Program control
 Specifies the order in which statements are
executed
3
2.3 Pseudocode

 Pseudocode
 Artificial, informal language used to develop
algorithms
 Similar to everyday English
 Not executed on computers
 Used to think out program before coding
 Easy to convert into C++ program
 Only executable statements
 No need to declare variables

4
2.4 Control Structures

 Sequential execution
 Statements executed in order
 Transfer of control
 Next statement executed not next one in sequence
 3 control structures (Bohm and Jacopini)
 Sequence structure
 Programs executed sequentially by default
 Selection structures
 if, if/else, switch
 Repetition structures
 while, do/while, for

5
2.4 Control Structures
 C++ keywords
 Cannot be used as identifiers or variable names
C++ Keywords

Keywords common to the

C and C++ programming
languages
auto break case char const
continue default do double else
enum extern float for goto
if int long register return
short signed sizeof static struct
switch typedef union unsigned void
volatile while
C++ only keywords
asm bool catch class const_cast
delete dynamic_cast explicit false friend
inline mutable namespace new operator
private protected public reinterpret_cast
static_cast template this throw true
try typeid typename using virtual
wchar_t

6
2.4 Control Structures

 Flowchart
 Graphical representation of an algorithm
 Special-purpose symbols connected by arrows (flowlines)
 Rectangle symbol (action symbol)
 Any type of action
 Oval symbol
 Beginning or end of a program, or a section of code (circles)
 Single-entry/single-exit control structures
 Connect exit point of one to entry point of the next
 Control structure stacking

7
2.5 if Selection Structure

 Selection structure
 Choose among alternative courses of action
 Pseudocode example:
If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60
Print “Passed”
 If the condition is true
 Print statement executed, program continues to next
statement
 If the condition is false
 Print statement ignored, program continues
 Indenting makes programs easier to read
 C++ ignores whitespace characters (tabs, spaces, etc.)

8
2.5 if Selection Structure

 Translation into C++

If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60
Print “Passed”

if ( grade >= 60 )
cout << "Passed";

 Diamond symbol (decision symbol)

 Indicates decision is to be made
 Contains an expression that can be true or false
 Test condition, follow path
 if structure
 Single-entry/single-exit

9
2.5 if Selection Structure

 Flowchart of pseudocode statement

A decision can be made on
any expression.

true zero - false

grade >= 60 print “Passed”
nonzero - true
Example:
false 3 - 4 is true

10
2.6 if/else Selection Structure
 if
 Performs action if condition true
 if/else
 Different actions if conditions true or false
 Pseudocode
if student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60
print “Passed”
else
print “Failed”
 C++ code
if ( grade >= 60 )
cout << "Passed";
else
cout << "Failed";
11
2.6 if/else Selection Structure

 Nested if/else structures

 One inside another, test for multiple cases
 Once condition met, other statements skipped
if student’s grade is greater than or equal to 90
Print “A”
else
if student’s grade is greater than or equal to 80
Print “B”
else
if student’s grade is greater than or equal to 70
Print “C”
else
if student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60
Print “D”
else
Print “F”

12
2.6 if/else Selection Structure

 Example
if ( grade >= 90 ) // 90 and above
cout << "A";
else if ( grade >= 80 ) // 80-89
cout << "B";
else if ( grade >= 70 ) // 70-79
cout << "C";
else if ( grade >= 60 ) // 60-69
cout << "D";
else // less than 60
cout << "F";

13
Importance of Curly Braces

 Print “We have a problem” if examGrade < 60

 Print “We have a real problem” if examGrade < 60 and
quizGrade < 10
 Print “Ok” if examGrade >= 60
int examGrade, quizGrade;
if (examGrade < 60)
cout << “We have a problem” << endl;
if (quizGrade < 10)
cout << “We have a real problem” << endl;
else
cout << “Ok”;

14
Exam Grade Flowchart int examGrade, quizGrade;
if (examGrade < 60)
cout << “We have a problem” << endl;
if (quizGrade < 10)
cout << “We have a real problem” << endl;
else
cout << “Ok”;

true
examGrade < 60

“We have a problem”

false true
quizGrade < 10

“Ok” “We have a real problem”

15
 Writing Cases

 Print “We have a problem” if examGrade < 60

 Print “We have a real problem” if examGrade < 60 and
quizGrade < 10
 Print “Ok” if examGrade >= 60
examGrade < 60 quizGrade < 10 Action
Case 1 true false “We have a problem”
Case 2 true true “We have a problem” and
“We have a real problem”
Case 3 false true/false “Ok”

16
 Putting it all together
examGrade < 60 quizGrade < 10 Action
Case 1 true false “We have a problem”
Case 2 true true “We have a problem” and
“We have a real problem”
Case 3 false true/false “Ok”
int examGrade,
int examGrade,quizGrade;
quizGrade;
if
if (examGrade
(examGrade< <60)
60) {
System.out.println(“We have a problem”);
cout << “We have a problem” << endl;
if (quizGrade < 10)< 10)
if (quizGrade
System.out.printl(“We have a real problem”);
cout << “We have a real problem” << endl;
else
} System.out.println(“Ok”);
else
cout << “Ok”;

17
boolean Operators

 Combines multiple boolean expressions

 If person’s age greater than or equal to 13 and less
than 17, he can go to G and PG-13 rated movies,
but not R rated movies
 if (age >= 13 && age < 17)
cout << “You can go to G and PG-13”
<< “ rated movies, but not R” +
<< “ rated movies.”) << endl;
 boolean operators
 and - && (true if all conditions are true)
 or - || (true if one condition is true)
 not - ! (true if conditions is false)

18
Expression Combinations
The && (and) operator
operand1 operand2 operand1 && operand2 Let age = 17
true true true
true false false
Let age = 16
false true false
false false false

Let age = 12

if (age >= 13 && age < 17)

cout << “You can go to G and PG-13”
<< “ rated movies, but not R” +
<< “ rated movies.” << endl;

19
Expression Combinations
The || (or) operator
operand1 operand2 operand1 || operand2
true true true
true false true
false true true
false false false

The ! (not) operator Example

if ( !( grade == sentinelValue ) )
operand !operand cout << "The next grade is "
<< grade << endl;
true false
Alternative:
false true if ( grade != sentinelValue )
cout << "The next grade is "
<< grade << endl;

20
Playing Cards

 Exercise with playing cards

 Numbers represent the rank and suit of cards
// Codes for suits
const int SPADES = 0;
const int HEARTS = 1;
const int DIAMONDS = 2;
const int CLUBS = 3;

// Codes for nonnumeric ranks

const int ACE = 1;
const int JACK = 11;
const int QUEEN = 12;
const int KING = 13;

21
Prints a Card Name

 Print “rank of suit”

 Consider just the rank part
if (rank == JACK)
cout << "Jack"; Notice:
comparing rank to
else if (rank == QUEEN)
a number of
cout << "Queen"; different value
else if (rank == KING;
cout << "King";
else if (rank == ACE)
cout << "Ace";
else
cout << rank;

22
 2.16switch Multiple-Selection
Structure
 switch
 Test variable for multiple values

 Series of case labels and optional default case

switch ( variable ) {
case value1: // taken if variable == value1
statements
break; // necessary to exit switch

case value2:
case value3: // taken if variable == value2 or == value3
statements
break;

default: // taken if variable matches no other cases

statements
break;
}

23
2.16switch Multiple-Selection
Structure
true
case a case a action(s) break

false

true
case b case b action(s) break

false

.
.
.

true
case z case z action(s) break
false

default action(s)

24
Converting if/else to a switch
switch (rank)
{
if (rank == JACK) case JACK:
cout << "Jack"; cout << "Jack";
break;
else if (rank == QUEEN) case QUEEN:
cout << "Queen"; cout << "Queen";
break;
else if (rank == KING; case KING:
cout << "King"; cout << "King";
break;
else if (rank == ACE) case ACE:
cout << "Ace"; cout << "Ace";
break;
else default:
cout << rank; cout << rank;
}

25