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Distance Protection

Distance protection uses measurement of impedance to determine faults on transmission lines. It has advantages over overcurrent protection by being independent of fault current levels and providing fast, directional protection. Distance is measured using voltage and current inputs, and the impedance seen by the relay is compared to the known characteristics of the protected line using amplitude and phase comparators. Relays operate when the measured impedance is less than the set impedance and remain stable when it is greater. Distance relays are evaluated based on their reach accuracy.

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desilvatharindu1
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1K views

Distance Protection

Distance protection uses measurement of impedance to determine faults on transmission lines. It has advantages over overcurrent protection by being independent of fault current levels and providing fast, directional protection. Distance is measured using voltage and current inputs, and the impedance seen by the relay is compared to the known characteristics of the protected line using amplitude and phase comparators. Relays operate when the measured impedance is less than the set impedance and remain stable when it is greater. Distance relays are evaluated based on their reach accuracy.

Uploaded by

desilvatharindu1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Distance Protection

Over-current Protection ?

Inverse time will introduce considerable delays in clearing faults


Zs= 10 Ohms
IF = 132/(5+4)(3^.5) = 8470 Amps
~ X ZL= 4 Ohms IF
Zs= 10 Ohms X X X
~ X F

F
Zs= 10 Ohms

~ X IF
IF = 132/(10+4)(3^.5) = 7621 Amps
Zs= 10 Ohms X X X
ZL= 4 Ohms
~ F

Even HSI over current protection is not capable of providing fast protection
under all system operational conditions.
Hence a new concept needs to be adopted to provide fast protection to
transmission/distribution networks.
Alternative Concept
• Distance of a transmission/distribution line is fixed and
determined at the time of commissioning.

• It remains constant under all system conditions.

• Hence measurement of distance of a


transmission/distribution line is a good concept.

• If the distance measured is less than the “known”, that


indicates a faulty condition.

• If it is more than the “known” it indicates a healthy


condition
Advantages of the “Alternative Concept”

• Virtually independent of fault current level

• Fast discriminative protection

• Can be modified to provide unit protection by combining


with signaling channels

• Can be directional
Measurement of Distance

ZL
ZS ZLOAD
~
IR
~
VR

IR

ZS
ZL ZLOAD
~ VR

Normal Operation

Impedance measured = Z Relay = VR/ IR = ZL+ ZLOAD


Measurement of Distance
IR

ZS
ZF= xZL
~ VR ZLOAD

Impedance measured = Z Relay =VR/IR = Z F= x ZL where x < 1

If the relay is set to operate when the impedance


measured (Z Relay ) is less than Z Lthe relay will
operate when Z Relay= ZF= x Z L, as x < 1
Impedance Seen by the Relay
ZS
ZF= xZL
~ VR ZLOAD

ZL
Simple Impedance Relay
Plain Impedance Characteristic

R
Secondary Impedance
• Distance relay inputs are the currents and
voltages from CTs and PTs

• Relays are set to measure the positive


impedance of the protected line

• All distance relays except numerical relays


are calibrated in secondary ohms.
Primary Impedance and Secondary
Impedance
ZS = Vs / Is

VS = VP / VT ratio

IS = IP / CT ratio

ZS = (VP/ VT ratio) / (IP /CT ratio)

= (VP / IP) x CT ratio/ VT ratio

= ZP x CT ratio/ VT ratio
Distance Relay Inputs
• As distance relays measure the positive sequence
impedance, inputs to the relay have to be suitably
selected.
• Single voltage and a current can not cover all types of
faults
• Inputs for phase faults are as follows:

Fault Voltage applied Current


A-B VA - VB IA- IB
B-C VB - VC IB-IC
C-A VC - VA IC-IA
Distance Relay Inputs – Earth Faults

Va = I1Z1 + I2Z2 + I0Z0 ; For a line Z1 = Z2

Va = (I1 + I2 + I0) Z1 + I0(Z0 -Z1) = (Ia + I0 (Z0 -Z1)/ Z1)Z1

Va
Z1 = ---------------------
(Ia + Ir(Z0 -Z1)/ 3 Z1 )
Zones

Second zone
First zone Second zone

First zone

Second zone

First zone

D
B C
Characteristic presentation
• Distance relay operates when
Z measured < Z setting
• Remains stable when
Z measured > Z setting
• Hence it has a balanced point .
• Characteristic is presented in a polar
characteristic with resistance on X-axis and X-
on Y axis.
• Angle of impedance relative to R axis.
• Describes the locus of relay in balance condition
for different impedance angles.
Impedance Measuring
• Comparators
• Amplitude comparator
• Phase comparator

• Numerical techniques
• Solving the differential equation
Amplitude and Phase Comparators

SO SR
SO SR
Amplitude Phase
comparator
comparator

Output > 0 Output >0


when
when So ≥ SR
-900 ≤ α ≤ 900
Marginal operation
when SO = SR Where α is phase angle
between SO and SR
Equivalence of Amplitude and Phase
Comparators

SO S1= S0-SR SO S1= S0-SR S1= S0-SR

S2= S0+SR S2= S0+SR


S2= SO+ SR

SR SR

• Marginal operation of an amplitude comparator can be defined by SO= SR


• For such a condition sum and difference of SO and SR are at right angles.
•When SO > SR , a decisive operation α angle between S1 and S2 is<± 900
•When SO < SR , decisive restraint α angle between S1 and S2 is >± 900
•
Distance Relay Performance
• Defined in terms of reach accuracy, a
comparison of actual ohmic reach of the
relay with setting
• Underreaching
• Overreaching
Reach Accuracy Curves
Switched and Non switched Relays

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