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PL SQL-day2

SQL statements are divided into categories like DDL, DML, transaction control and session control. DDL statements are used to define and manage database schema including tables, indexes, etc. DML statements manipulate data within database tables. Transaction control statements manage transactions while session control statements manage sessions.

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Manu Sethumadhavan
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54 views

PL SQL-day2

SQL statements are divided into categories like DDL, DML, transaction control and session control. DDL statements are used to define and manage database schema including tables, indexes, etc. DML statements manipulate data within database tables. Transaction control statements manage transactions while session control statements manage sessions.

Uploaded by

Manu Sethumadhavan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SQL Statements

• Data Definition Language (DDL) Statements


• Data Manipulation Language (DML)
Statements
• Transaction Control Statements
• Session Control Statements
• System Control Statement
• Embedded SQL Statements
Data Definition Language (DDL)
Statements
• Data definition language (DDL) statements let
you to perform these tasks:
• Create, alter, and drop schema objects
• Grant and revoke privileges and roles
• Analyze information on a table, index, or
cluster
• Establish auditing options
• DDL Commands auto commit.
DDL Cont..
Common DDL Statements
• CREATE
• ALTER
• DROP
• TRUNCATE
• GRANT
• REVOKE
• Create - This command is used to create database
objects such as Tables,Views,Functions,Procedures etc
• ALTER – To modify the structure of a database.
• DROP - To remove the objects from database.
• Truncate – To permanently remove objects from DB
• GRANT- To give privileges to a specific user or role, or to
all users, to perform actions on database objects
• Revoke - To remove privileges from a specific user or role,
or from all users, to perform actions on database objects.
Data manipulation commands
• Data manipulation language (DML) statements
access and manipulate data in existing schema
objects.
• These statements do not implicitly commit the
current transaction
• SELECT,INSERT,DELETE,UPDATE are the
commonly used DML statements.
• INSERT-To insert rows into an existing table

• SELECT-To selects data from one or more


tables or views.

• UPDATE - updates (changes the values of) a


set of existing table rows
• DELETE – Deletes records from a table.
Transaction Control Statements

• Transaction control statements manage


changes made by DML statements
• The transaction control statements are:
COMMIT
ROLLBACK
SAVEPOINT
SET TRANSACTION
Basic datatypes
• Varchar2
• Number
• Date
Constraints
• Constraints restrict the value that a table can
store.
• Use a constraint to define an integrity
constraint--a rule that restricts the values in a
database.
Types of constraints
• Not Null
• Unique Key
• Check
• Primary Key
• Foreign Key
Not Null constraints
If a column in a table is specified as Not
Null,then its not possible to insert a null in
such column.
• Implemented with create and alter commands
• When we implement a Not Null constraint
with alter command there should not be any
null value in existing table.
• Unique Key
The unique constraint doesn’t allow duplicate
values in a column.
• We can insert null values to a unique key
constraint column
• Two null values are not equal
• Check
Check constraint is used to restrict values before
inserting into table.
• Primary Key
Combination of unique and not null constraint.
It will not allow null and duplicate values.
• Foreign Key
Columns defined as foreign keys refer primary keys of
other table.
Creating a table
• Syntax
CREATE TABLE <name_of_table>
(
<column_name1> <data_type>[(<width>)]
[constraint <constraint name> <const_type>],
<column_name2> <data_type>[(<width>)] ,
<column_name3> <data_type>[(<width>)] ,
.
<column_nameN> <data_type>[(<width>)] ,
);
Create table example

• CREATE TABLE Employee(


• Empno NUMBER(4) constraint pk_empno primary key
• ,ename VARCHAR2(50) constraint nn_ename not null
• ,salary NUMBER(10,2)
• ,hire_date DATE
• ,gender CHAR(1) check (gender in ('M','F'))
• ,email VARCHAR2(50) unique
• );
Alter table command
• To add a column in a table, the SQL ALTER TABLE syntax is:

ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name column-definition;

Example
ALTER TABLE supplier
ADD supplier_name varchar2(50);
• ADD MULTIPLE COLUMNS IN TABLE
Syntax
ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD (column_1 column-definition,
column_2 column-definition,
... column_n column_definition);
Example
ALTER TABLE supplier
ADD (supplier_name varchar2(50)
, city varchar2(45)
);
• Modify column in a table
ALTER TABLE table_name
MODIFY column_name column_type;

Example
ALTER TABLE supplier
MODIFY supplier_name varchar2(100) not null;
• MODIFY MULTIPLE COLUMNS IN TABLE
ALTER TABLE table_name
MODIFY (column_1 column_type,
column_2 column_type,
... column_n column_type
);
Example
ALTER TABLE supplier
MODIFY (supplier_name varchar2(100) not null
, city varchar2(75)
);
Drop table command
• Syntax
DROP TABLE TABLE_NAME;

Example

DROP TABLE Employees;

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