ONGC ACADEMY

WELCOMES
TO
ALL GRADUATE TRAINEES
INTRODUCTION TO
WELL LOGGING
TECHNIQUES

by

H.S.Maity, CG(W)
ONGC Academy
Deliverables
Overview of hydrocarbon exploration

What is Logging?

Logging set-up in ONGC

Why Logging?

Different types of Logging

Logging field examples

 Overview of hydrocarbon exploration

Seal Rock

Reservoir Rock

Source Rock
Source Rock: A rock with abundant hydrocarbons-prone organic matter mainly
Shale rock which is porous but not permeable.

Reservoir Rock: In which oil and gas accumulates. It is porous as well as permeable.
Sandstone, Limestone and Dolomite are reservoir rocks.

Seal Rock: Rock through which oil and gas cannot move effectively
(such as mudstones or anhydrite)
 What is Logging ?

Record of physical properties measured

with respect to depth/time along well
bore.

Logging is the “Electronic Eye” of E&P

Industry.

Well Logging involves-

• Data Acquisition
• Data Processing
• Interpretation of Results
Physical properties measured
by Logging Tools
• Electrical Resistivity
• Self-potential
• Natural radioactivity
• Elemental Composition of rock
• Bulk density
• Hydrogen Index
• Sonic velocity
• Formation Pressure
•Nature of Fluid
Logging Field Operation
 Logging Objectives

The identification of reservoir

The estimation of hydrocarbon in place

The estimation of recoverable hydrocarbon.

 Why Logging ?

Question Answer
Where are we ? --- Correlation Log
Is there any Oil or Gas ? --- Water saturation Sw
How much hydrocarbon is there?--- Porosity Ф
Can the formation flow? --- Permeability K
Will the formation flow? ---Pressure P
Why Logging ?

Archie’s Saturation Equation

(Sw)n = a Rw / Rt Фm
n = Saturation exponent
m = Cementation or tortuosity factor
a = Coefficient (Lithology dependant)
Rw = Formation Water Resistivity
Rt =True Resistivity
Ф = Porosity

For sandy formations, n=2, a=0.62 and m=2.15

Why Logging?

Sh = (1-Sw)
Sh= Hydrocarbon saturation
Sw= Water saturation
 Why Logging?

Amount of Hydrocarbon in unit volume of reservoir

=Porosity(Ф)x Hydrocarbon Saturation (Sh)

Initial Oil in Place (IOIP)

=Area (A) x Thickness (h) x Porosity(Ф) x (Sh)
 Why Logging?

Net Oil in Place = IOIP x R.F

R.F= Recovery Factor

Stock Tank Oil in Place

=Net Oil in Place ÷ Boil
Boil=Oil Formation volume factor≈1.4
Estimation of Reserves

For Oil, Number of Barrels in place is

N=7758 x Ф (1-Sw) x h x A

ø = porosity
Sw = water saturation
h = pay thickness in feet
A = areal extent in acres

For Gas, Number of Cubic feet in situ is

G=43560 x Ф (1-Sw) x hx A
Logging Classifications

 Open Hole Logging

 Cased Hole Logging
 Production Logging

 Other Services
Perforations, Plug Setting, Tubing Puncture,
Casing/Tubing cutters, Back-off jobs.
Open Hole Logging
Open Hole Well-Diagram
 Logging Tools

Neutron-Density-GR SFT Dipmeter

Logging String in the Well
Basic Open Hole Logs

SP (Spontaneous Potential)

GR (Gamma Ray)
CALIPER
RESISTIVITY
INDUCTION
LATEROLOG
MICRO
POROSITY
DENSITY
NEUTRON
SONIC
 SP Log

SP log is a recording of electrical

Potential difference between borehole
fluid and formation fluid.

Applications:
Lithology identification (Sand/Shale)
Estimation of Shale volume
Estimation of formation water resistivity (Rw)
Depth correlation

SSP=-K log Rmfe /Rwe

SP Log Principle
SP Log Developement

No SP Positive SP Negative SP
 GR Log
GR
GR log is a recording of the
natural radioactivity of the
Earth.GR activity is more in Shale
than Sand.
SP Applications
 Lithology identification
(Sand/Shale/Coal)
 Estimation of Shale volume
 Depth correlation
 Mineral analysis
GR Response in Various Lithology
Resistivity Tools
Induction and Laterolog Measurements

Laterolog devices (including

CHFR) measure Rt in series
Ra= Rm+ Rxo+ Rt

Induction devices measure

resistivities in parallel
1/Ra= 1/Rm+ 1/Rxo+
1/Rt
Dual Induction Log (DIL)

It is the recording of electrical

resistivity of the formation based on
induction principle. Three resistivity
logs are recorded.
ILD: Induction Log Deep(DI=65”)
ILM: Induction Log Medium(DI=30”)
LL3: Latero Log-3(DI=<18”)

When to use
 Oil base/Fresh water mud
 Bed thickness > 5ft
 Rmf/Rw > 3
 Rt < 100 ohm-m
 Dual Latero Log (DLL)
In Dual Laterolog (DLL)
measurement, current beam
is focused into formation with the help
MSFL
of equipotential guard electrodes.
LLD
Three logs are measured by DLL:
LLS
LLD: Latero Log Deep(DI=84”)
LLS: Latero Log Shallow(DI=36”)
MSFL: Micro Spherically Focused Log
(DI=4”)
When to use
Seawater/Brine mud
Bed thickness > 2ft
Rmf/Rw < 3
Rt>100 ohm-m
 Density Log

γ-radiation from Density tool source interacts with the orbital electrons of
the atoms of formation. The scattered γ-rays are detected by a scintillation
detector which are proportional to the electron density of the material.
electron density is approximately proportional to bulk density.
ρb=1.0704 ρe – 0.1883
Density Porosity:
ФD = (ρ ma- ρ b) / (ρ ma - ρf)
ρ b = Formation density
ρf =1.0 gm/cc,
ρ ma = 2.61 gm/cc (sand stone)
=2.71 gm/cc (lime stone)

Applications:
Porosity
Lithology
Formation fluid type
 Neutron Log
Neutron tool detects thermal neutron(0.25Mev)
density of the surrounding formation. The ratio of
near/far of neutrons dependent on the HI and
hence porosity (ФN).
It responds primarily to the amount of hydrogen
present in the formation ie liquid-filled porosity.
High porosity means high HI. For example:
Ratio= 3.3 for porosity=35% and Ratio= 1.5 for
porosity=10%
Principle: Inelastic Collision
Applications:
 Porosity measurement
 Formation fluid type
 Lithology
 Sonic Log

Sonic tool measures the transit time Δt, or slowness,

of an acoustic waveform
Sonic porosity: Ф = (Δt - Δt ma ) / ( Δtf - Δt ma)
Δt =Formation travel time
Δtf =189 µs /f,
Δt ma = 47.4 µs /f (lime stone)
= 55.6 µs /f (sand stone)
Applications:
Porosity
Lithology
Integrated Travel Time
Synthetic Seismogram
Fractures
Cement Bond
Resistivity- SP log

Water Sand
Merged Open Hole Logs

Oil
Sand
Water

Coal
Shale
April 2008
Processed Logs
 Other Open Hole Services

Dipmeter: To get the dip of formation along with the

direction of dip. Widely used to get the deposition
environment.

SFT(Selective Formation Tester) : To get formation

fluid sample, formation pressure and to have a
qualitative idea about the permeability.

SWC (Side Wall Cores) : Core samples of the

formation can be accurately collected at
predetermined depths.
 High-Tech Open Hole Logging
FMI (Formation Micro Imaging) Log to identify
fractures, laminated sands, facies changes.

DSI (Dipole Sonic Imaging) Log to get mechanical

properties of formation, gas detection, permeability.

NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) Log for

matrix independent porosity, bound water
identification, permeability.

MDT (Modular Dynamic Tester) log to get accurate

fluid sample and pressure, flow anisotropy.
Cased Hole Logging
Cased Hole Well-Diagram
 Basic Cased Hole Logs

CBL-VDL-CCL-GR : Widely known as Cement Bond Log to

find out the cement bond quality between Casing-Cement
Formation.
CBL: Cement Bond Log (Casing to cement bond)
VDL: Variable Density Log(Cement to formation bond)
CCL: Casing Collar Locator (To detect casing joints)

GR-CCL: For depth correlation with respect to Open Hole

Logs.
Why Cement Bond Logging?

Evaluate zone to zone isolation

Cement coverage of casing for corrosion protection

Cement mechanical compressive strength

Identify cement top

Evaluate cement repair jobs

CBL-VDL signal processing
 Example of Bad CBL Log
GR CCL 0mv CBL 100mv VDL

Free pipe

Partial bond
Example of good CBL Log

CBL VDL
 High-Tech Cased Hole Logging

CHFR (Cased Hole Formation Resistively): Useful in wells

where Open Hole Resistivity Log is not available due to well
complications at the time of drilling, to compare the present
water saturations and to identify by-passed oil.
CAST(Circumferential Acoustic Scanning Tool)/USIT (Ultra
Sonic Imaging Tool): To know cement distribution and
channeling behind casing.
RST (Reservoir Saturation Tool): Used for reservoir
monitoring in old wells.
MIT (Multi-finger Imaging Tool): To know casing conditions
like parting, bulging, corrosion and damage.
Example of CAST Log

Sand-I CBL

VDL Channeling

Sand-II
Detection of Casing Damage by CAST & MIT
EXPLOSIVE JOBS
 Explosive Safety
Storage, transportation and handling of explosives as per standard safety
guidelines.
No explosive job before sun rise and after sun set.

Hold safety meeting with all crew members at site

Ground the logging unit to Rig structure, Cat walk and Well head

Switch off SCADA operation, Radio transmissions, well site Generator, SRP
operation, High tension power line and transformer, Cell phone, Electric Arc
welding.

Monitor stray voltage wrt to Well head, Rig, Cat-walk and Logging unit
up to the limit ≤ 0.25 volt AC/DC.

Remove all persons from line of fire while arming the assembly.
Give “Electrical connection” first and then “Ballistic connection” while
arming.
 Switch Off

POWER LINES < 30 M

RADIO TRANSMISSION

S.R.P ►WELL SITE GENERATOR

►CELL PHONES

►ELECTRIC WELDING
 Explosive Jobs

Perforation (To make communication from formation to well bore)

i) Conventional
ii) Through Tubing
iii)Tubing Conveyed

Bridge Plug Setting (Isolation of zones inside casing)

Tubing Puncture (To establish circulation)

Casing/Tubing Cutting (To retrieve string out of well)

String Shot (To release the string stuck-up)

Perforation Conveyance

Through Casing Through Tubing Tubing Conveyed

Typical Oil Field Explosives
Detailed Jet-Slug Mechanism
Perforation Carriers

PIVOT Gun
Through Tubing Guns

HSC Gun
Perforation
 Plug Setting-Tubing Puncture
-Tubing Cutting

Well to be killed by circulating heavier

mud before String is pulled out.

Circulation may not be established if

Packer i) Tubing end is choked
ii) Packer not retrievable
Sand-II
Tubing puncture to be done at suitable
depth to establish circulation

Tubing cutting is required to pull the

B/Plug string if packer is not retrievable
Sand-1
PRODUCTION LOGGING
 Diagram Of Producing Well
Casing Tubing

Packer

Tubing Shoe
Perforations

Gas Zone Gas Zone

Oil Zone-1 Oil Zone-1

Shale Shale

Oil Zone-2 Oil Zone-2

Water Zone Water Zone

PLUG
 Completed Well (Lunej#1)

Crown Valve
Wing Valve

Master Valve
 Why Production Logging ?

To diagnose the well problems

(mechanical and production)

To get layer wise production/injection rates.

For Reservoir monitoring

 Production Logging Tools

Temperature : Measures the temperature in the well and the

departure from the static thermal gradient.
Density : Measures the density of the fluid present around
tool.
Hydro : Measures the fraction of Water/Oil in the casing
called “Hold-up”
Pressure : Measures the total pressure due to well-bore
column & reservoir.
Gamma Ray : Measures the natural radioactivity present in
and around well-bore.
CCL : Locates casing joints.
Flow-meter : Measures the fluid flow inside the well-bore.
Production Logging String

Flow meter
Well Head Pressure Control Assembly
Stuffing Box & Line Wiper

Grease Injection Head

Tool Catcher

Lubricator Pipe

Tool Trap

Wire line BOP

Adapter Flange
 Production Logs
0 API GR 150API Spinner(rps)

DENSITY
CCL

TEMP

FLOW
Flowmeter Logs
Logging Field Operation
Thanks