ETHERNET

 FAST ETHERNET
 GIGABIT ETHERNET
What is Ethernet?
Ethernet is a family of technologies for (LANs) and (MANs). It was commer
Over time, Ethernet has largely replaced competing wired LAN technologies su
 ETHERNET EVOLUTION

ANDARD ETHERNET FAST ETHERNET GIGABIT ETHERNET

TEN GIGABIT ETHERNET

10Mbps 100Mbps 1Gbps 10Gbps

IEEE STANDARD FOR LANs
LLC : Logical link control
MAC :Media access control

Upper Layers Upper layers

---
Data link layer LLC
Ethernet MAC Token Ring Token Bus …
MAC MAC
---
Physical Layer
Ethernet Token Ring Token Bus …
Physical Physical Layer Physical Layer
Layers
Transmission medium (several)
(OSI/Internet model) Transmission Medium
(IEEE STANDARD)
MAC Sublayer : In standard Ethernet , the MAC sublayer
,governs the operation of the access method . And it also frames data
received from the upper layer and passes them to the physical layer.
FRAME FORMAT
The Ethernet frames contains seven fields : preamble ,SFD ,DA ,SA ,length or type of protocol data
unit(PDU),upper-layer data ,the CRC . Ethernet does not provide any mechanism for acknowledging received
frames , making it what is known as an unreliable medium . Acknowledgement must be implemented at the
higher layers . The format of the MAC frame is shown in fig.
802.3 MAC frame: Preamble:56 bits if alternating 1s and 0sSFD:Strat frame delimiter ,flag(10101011)

Preamble SFD Destination Source Length/Type Data and CRC

address address padding
7bytes 1byte 6 bytes 6bytes 2bytes 4bytes

Physical layer header

 PREAMBLE:The first field of the 802.3 frame contains 7 bytes(56bits )of alternating 0s and 1s
 START FRAME DELIMITER(SFD):The second field (1byte:10101011)signals the beginning o
 DESTINATION ADDRESS(DA):The DA field is 6bytes and contain the physical address of the
 SOURCE ADDRESS : The SA field is also 6 bytes and contains the physical address of the sen
 LENGTH/TYPE : This field is defined as a type field or length field.Theoriginal Ethernet used th
 DATA : This field carries data encapsulated from the upper –layer protocols.It is a minimum of 4
 CRC : The last filed contains error detection information,in this case a CRC-32.
FRAME LENGTH : Ethernet has imposed restriction on both the
minimum and maximum lengths of a frame , as shown below

Destination address Source address Length PDU Data and padding CRC

6 bytes 6 bytes 2 bytes 4 bytes

Minimum frame length :512bits or 64 bytes
Maximum frame length:12,144bits/1518 bytes

REQUIREMENT OF MIN/MAX LENGTH:

 The minimum length is required for the correct operation of CSMA/CD.
 The maximum length is used to reduce the size of the buffer.
 It also prevents one station from monopolizing the shared medium.
 ADDRESSING : Each station on a Ethernet network(such as PC ,workstation or printer) has its own ne

Example: 06:01:02:01:2C:4B

6bytes =12 hex digits=48 bits

UNICAST AND MULTICAST ADDRESSES:

Unicast :0;multicast:1
. ...
Byte 1 Byte 2 Byte 6

 The least significant bit of the first byte defines the type of address . If the bit is 0 ,the address is unicast ; otherwise , it is mult
 A unicast address defines only one recipient ; the relationship between the sender and the receiver is one-to-one.
 A multicast address defines a group of addresses ; the relationship between the sender and the receiver is one-to-many.
 The broadcast destination address is a special case of the multicast address in which all bits are 1s.
ACCESS METHOD:CSMA/CD
Standard Ethernet uses 1-persistent CSMA/CD
SLOT TIME:
Slot time=round-trip time + time required to send the jam sequence

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SLOT TIME AND MAXIMUM NETWORK

LENGTH:

Max Length=Propagation speed ×slot time

2
RIES OF STANDARD ETHERNET
TANDARD ETHERNET COMMON IMPLEMENTATION

10 Base5 10Base2 10Base-T 10Base-F

thick coaxial Bus , thin coaxial Star , UTP Star , fiber
10Base5:Thick Internet
 The name 10BASE5 is derived from several

 It was the first Ethernet specification to use a

10base2:Thin Internet
 The second implementation is called 10Base2,thin E

 The cable is thinner and more flexible.

 The transceiver is a part of NIC , which is installed in

 The implementation is most cost effective than 10B

10Base-T:Twister Pair Ethernet
 The third implementation is called 10Base-T o

 It uses star topology and the station are conne

 The maximum length of the twisted cable here

10Base-F:Fiber Ethernet

 Although there are several types of optica

 10Base-F uses a star topology to connect

 The stations are connected to a hub using

FAST ETHERNET
It was designed to compete with LAN protocols such as FDDI or Fiber channel . IEEE created Fast Ethe

GOALS OF FAST ETHERNET:

 Upgrade the data rate to 100Mbps.

 Make it compatible with standard Ethernet.
 Keep the same 48 bit-address.
 Keep the same frame format.
 Keep the same minimum and maximum frame lengths.
AUTONEGOTIATION :

It is a new feature is added to the Fast Ethernet . It allows a station or a hub a range of capabilities .

It was designed for the following purposes:

To allow incompatible devices to connect to one another.

To allow on devices to have multiple capabilities.

To allow a station to check a hub’s capabilities.

 FAST ETHERNET IMPLEMENTATION
COMMON FAST ETHERNET IMPLEMENTATION

100Base-TX 100Base-FX 10Base-T4

Two wires category 5UTP Two wires fiber Four wires category 3UTP
 GIGABIT ETHERNET

In computer networking, Gigabit Ethernet (Gb E or 1 GigE) is a term describing various technologies for
transmitting Ethernet frames at a rate of a gigabit per second (1,000,000,000 bits per second), as defined by the
IEEE 802.3-2008 standard.
. Fast Ethernet increased speed from 10 to 100 megabits per second (Mbit/s). Gigabit Ethernet was the next
iteration, increasing the speed to 1000 Mbit/s. The initial standard for Gigabit Ethernet was produced by the
IEEE in June 1998 as IEEE 802.3z, and required optical fiber. 802.3z is commonly referred to as 1000BASE-X,
where -X refers to either -CX, -SX, -LX, or (non-standard) -ZX. For the history behind the "X" see Fast Ethernet.
IEEE 802.3ab, ratified in 1999, defines Gigabit Ethernet transmission over unshielded twisted pair (UTP)
category 5, 5e, or 6 cabling and became known as 1000BASE-T. With the ratification of 802.3ab, Gigabit Ethernet
became a desktop technology as organizations could use their existing copper cabling infrastructure.
IEEE 802.3ah, ratified in 2004 added two more gigabit fiber standards, 1000BASE-LX10 (which was already
widely implemented as vendor specific extension) and 1000BASE-BX10. This was part of a larger group of
protocols known as Ethernet in the First Mile.
GOALS OF GIGABIT ETHERNET

Upgrade the data rate to 1Gbps.

Make it compatible with standard or fast Ethernet.
Use the same address ,frame format.
Keep the same minimum and maximum frame length.
To support auto negotiation as defined in Fast Ethernet.
 GIGABIT ETHERNET IMPLEMENTATION

1000Base-SX 1000Base-LX 1000Base-CX 1000Base-T

Two wire Two-wire Two-wire Four-wire

Shortwave fiber Long –wave fiber Copper(STP) UTP
 1000BASE-SX
1000BASE-SX is a Gigabit Ethernet standard for operation over multi-mode fiber using a 770 to 860 , (NIR) .
The standard specifies a distance capability between 220 meters (62.5/125 µm fiber with low ) and 550 meters (50/125 µm fib

 1000BASE-CX
1000BASE-CX is an initial standard for Gigabit Ethernet connections with m
 1000BASE-T
1000BASE-T (also known as IEEE 802.3ab) is a standard for Gigabit Ethernet over wiring.
Each 1000BASE-T network segment can be a maximum length of 100 meters (330 feet), and must use or better (including a

 1000BASE-LX
1000BASE-LX is a Gigabit Ethernet standard specified in IEEE 802.3 Clause 3
1000BASE-LX is specified to work over a distance of up to 5 km over 10 µm sin
ETHERNET IMPLEMENTATION
Name Medium Specified distance
1000BASE-CX Shielded balanced copper cable 25 meters
1000BASE-KX Copper backplane 1 meter
220 to 550 meters dependent on fiber diameter
1000BASE-SX Multi-mode fiber
and bandwidth
1000BASE-LX Multi-mode fiber 550 meters
1000BASE-LX Single-mode fiber 5 km

1000BASE-LX10 Single-mode fiber using 1,310 nm wavelength 10 km

1000BASE-EX Single-mode fiber at 1,310 nm wavelength ~ 40 km

1000BASE-ZX Single-mode fiber at 1,550 nm wavelength ~ 70 km

Single-mode fiber, over single-strand fiber:

1000BASE-BX10 10 km
1,490 nm downstream 1,310 nm upstream

1000BASE-T Twisted-pair cabling (, , ) 100 meters

1000BASE-TX Twisted-pair cabling (, ) 100 meters

IEEE STANDARDS:

In 1985,the computer society of the IEEE started a project called , Project 802,to
set standards to enable intercommunication among equipment from a variety of
manufactures . Project 802 does not seek to replace any part of the OSI or the
Internet model . Instead , it is away of specifying functions of the physical layer
and the data link layer of major LAN protocols.
The IEEE has subdivided the data link layer into two sublayers : Logical link
control
(LLC)and media access control(MAC).IEEE has also created several physical
layer standards for different LAN protocols.
Notable IEEE Standards formats
/

Standards for LAN/MAN bridging and management and remote media

access control (MAC) bridging.

Standards for Logical Link Control (LLC) standards for connectivity.

Standards for Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection

(CSMA/CD).

Standards for token passing bus access.

Standards for Logical Link Control (LLC) standards for connectivity.

Standards for token ring access and for communications between

LANs and MANs

Standards for information exchange between systems.

Standards for broadband LAN cabling.
Fiber optic connection.
Standards for integrated services, like voice and data.

Standards for LAN/MAN security implementations.

Wireless Networking – "".

Standards for demand priority access method.

Standards for cable television broadband communications.

Bluetooth

Wireless Sensor/Control Networks – ""

Wireless (BAN) – (e.g. )

Wireless Networking – ""

 IEEE 802
 IEEE 802 refers to a family of standards dealing with and .
More specifically, the IEEE 802 standards are restricted to networks carrying variable-size packets. (By contrast, in net

 The services and protocols specified in IEEE 802 map to the lower two layers (Data Link and Physical) of the seven-l

•
Working groups:

Name Description Note

and Network Management

inactive

disbanded
Defines the MAC layer for a inactive
() disbanded
Broadband LAN using Coaxial Cable disbanded
Fiber Optic TAG disbanded

Integrated Services LAN (ISLAN or isoEthernet) disbanded

Interoperable LAN Security disbanded

(WLAN) & Mesh ( certification)

IEEE 802.12 disbanded
IEEE 802.13 Unused Reserved for development
IEEE 802.14 disbanded
 certification

and coexistence

High-Rate (e.g., , etc.)

Low-Rate (e.g., , , , etc.)

Mesh networking for WPAN

( certification)

IEEE 802.16.1

Resilient packet ring

Radio Regulatory TAG

Coexistence TAG

Mobile Broadband Wireless Access

Media Independent Handoff

Wireless Regional Area Network

Emergency Services Working Group

Smart Grid TAG New (November, 2012)
IEEE 802.3
 IEEE 802.3 is a and a collection of standards produced by the working group defining the
 Physical connections are made between nodes and/or infrastructure devices (, , ) by various

 802.3 is a technology that supports the network architecture.

 802.3 also defines LAN access method using .

COMMUNICATION STANDARDS
A revision of base standard incorporating the
802.3-2012 2012 802.3at/av/az/ba/bc/bd/bf/bg amendments, a
corrigenda and errata.

Define a 4-lane 100 Gbit/s backplane PHY for operation

over links consistent with copper traces on “improved
FR-4” (as defined by IEEE P802.3ap or better materials
802.3bj June 2014 to be defined by the Task Force) with lengths up to at
least 1m and a 4-lane 100 Gbit/s PHY for operation over
links consistent with copper with lengths up to at least
5m.

This amendment to IEEE Std 802.3 defines the physical

layer specifications and management parameters for
802.3bk 2013 EPON operation on point-to-multipoint passive optical
networks supporting extended power budget classes of
PX30, PX40, PRX40, and PR40 PMDs.

802.3bm 2015 for optical fiber

1000BASE-T1 - Gigabit Ethernet over a single twisted

802.3bp 2014 pair, automotive & industrial environments

for 4-pair balanced twisted-pair cabling with 2

802.3bq ~Feb 2016 connectors over 30 m distances
400 Gbit/s Ethernet over optical fiber using multiple
802.3bs ~ 2017 25G/50G lanes

enhancements up to 100W using all 4-pairs balanced

twisted-pair cabling, lower standby power and specific
802.3bt ~ 2017 enhancements to support Iot applications (e.g. Lighting,
Token
Token bus busis a network implementing
network(802.4) the protocol over a "virtual ring" on a . [A token is passed around

 Token bus was standardized by IEEE standard 802.4. It is mainly used for industrial applications. The m
 Due to difficulties handling device failures and adding new stations to a network, token bus gained a rep
 In order to guarantee the packet delay and transmission in Token bus protocol, a modified Token bus wa
 A means for carrying over token bus was developed.
 The IEEE 802.4 Working Group is disbanded and the standard has been withdrawn by the IEEE.
Token Ring/IEEE 802.5
 The Token Ring network was originally developed by IBM in the 1970s. It is still in IBM's p

 Token Ring and IEEE 802.5 networks are basically compatible, although the specifications d
Physical Connections

IBM Token Ring network stations are directly connected to MSAUs, which can be wired to
Patch cables connect MSAUs to adjacent MSAUs, while lobe cables connect MSAUs to s
Token Ring Operation

Token Ring and IEEE 802.5 are two principal examples of token-passing networks (FD
.
If a station possessing the token does have information to transmit, it seizes the token,
Frame Format
Token Ring and IEEE 802.5 support two basic frame types: tokens and data/command frames.

.
IEEE 802.6
 IEEE 802.6 is a standard governed by the for (MAN). It is an improvement of an older standard (als

 The IEEE 802.6 standard uses the (DQDB) network form. This form supports 150 Mbit/s transfer ra

 This standard has also failed, mostly for the same reasons that the FDDI standard failed. Most MAN
 WIRELESS LAN TECHNOLOGY

WIRELESS LAN TECHNOLOGY

NFRARED LANs SPREAD SPECTRUMNARROWBAND

LANs MICROWAVE
IEEE 802.11:

In 1990,the IEEE 802 committee formed a new working group , IEEE 8

The demand of the for WANs , at different frequencies and data rates,

Keeping pace with demand ,the IEEE802.11 working group has issued
Within the IEEE 802.11 Working Group , the following Standard and Amendments exist:
 : The WLAN standard was originally 1 Mbit/s and 2 Mbit/s, 2.4 GHz RF and (IR) standard (1997), all the others listed below
 : 54 Mbit/s, 5 GHz standard (1999, shipping products in 2001)
 : Enhancements to 802.11 to support 5.5 Mbit/s and 11 Mbit/s (1999)
 : Bridge operation procedures; included in the standard (2001)
 : International (country-to-country) roaming extensions (2001)
 : (2003) Withdrawn February 2006
 : 54 Mbit/s, 2.4 GHz standard (backwards compatible with b) (2003)
 : Spectrum Managed 802.11a (5 GHz) for European compatibility (2004)
 : Enhanced security (2004)
 : Extensions for Japan (2004)
 IEEE 802.11-2007: A new release of the standard that includes amendments a, b, d, e, g, h, i, and j. (July 2007)
 : Radio resource measurement enhancements (2008)
BLUETOOTH
 BLUETOOTH is a wireless LAN designed to connect devices for different function s

 It is an ad hoc network which means the network is formed spontaneously ; these d

 Bluetooth technology is a implementation of a protocol defined by the IEEE 802.15 s

 Bluetooth was originally started as a project by the Ericson Company . It is named f

ARCHITECTURE :

It defines two types of network

Piconet

Scatternet
PICONET

 A bluetooth network is called a piconet/small

 It can have up to eight stations , one of which

 The communication between the primary and

A piconet is a which links a of devices using technology protocols. A piconet consi

It allows one device to interconnect with up to seven active devices. Up to 255 furth

Some examples of piconets include a connected to a computer, a laptop and a Blue

SCATTERNET
Scatternet (master=red, slave=green, parking=blue)
A scatternet is a type of ad hoc consisting of two or more . The terms 'scatternet' and 'piconet' are typic
 A scatternet is a number of interconnected piconets that supports commu

 Scatternets can be formed when a member of one piconet (either the ma

 Using this approach, it is possible to join together numerous piconets into

 Currently there are very few actual implementations of scatternets due to
plications
 Scatternets have the potential to bring the interconnectivity of the Inte

 A number of companies have attempted to launch social networking

 Scatternets can also be used to enable ad hoc communication and in