UNIT V

AC voltage controller and

cycloconverter
 4.1.1 Single-phase AC voltage controller

VT 1 u1
io
VT2
O t
u1 uo R uo
O t
io
The phase shift range
(operation range of phase O t
delay angle): u VT
0 ≤α≤ π
O t

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• Resistive load, quantitative analysis

RMS value of output voltage

Uo 
1

 2U sint dt U



1
2
1
1
2
sin2 
 

(4-1)

RMS value of output current

Uo
Io  (4-2)
R
RMS value of thyristor current
2
1  2U 1 sin  t 
  sin 2
  U1 1
2  
IT   d  t  (1   ) (4-3)
R  R 2  2
Power factor of the circuit
P UoIo Uo 1  
    sin 2  (4-4)
S U1 I o U1 2 
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Inductive (Inductor- resistor) load , operation principle

u1
VT 1
O t
io uG1
VT2
O
uG2 t
R
u1 uo O t
L uo
O t
io
The phase shift range:
O
φ ≤α ≤ π uVT t

O
t

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 4.2 Other AC controllers

4.2.1 Integral cycle control—AC power controller

VT1 Conduction 2N

io uo angle = M
VT2 2 U1 2 uo,io u1
M
u1 uo R O  3 4
M t
M M
Line period

Control period = M *Line period = 2

Circuit topologies are the same as AC voltage controllers.
Only the control method is different.
Load voltage and current are both sinusoidal when thyristors are conducting.

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 4.3 Thyristor cycloconverters

4.3.1 Single- phase thyristor-cycloconverter

• Circuit configuration and operation principle

P N

Output Average
uo π
ap= voltage ap=0 output voltage π
2 a p=
2

 t

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• Single- phase thyristor-cycloconverter
Modes of operation
uo
u o,io io

O t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t
uP uo

io t
iP iN O
uP uo uN uN

O uo t
iP
O t
iN
O t

P Rectifi Inver
blocking
cation sion
Rectifi Inver
N blocking
cation sion

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Typical waveforms

uo

O
t

io

O t
1 3 4 6
2 5
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• Modulation methods for firing delay angle
Calculation method
– For the rectifier circuit

u2 u3 u4 u5 u6 u1
u o  U d0 cos  (4-15)

–For the cycloconverter ωt

ap3 ap4
output
uo  U om sinot (4-16) us2 us3 us4 us5 us6 us1
uo
–Equating (4- 15) and (4-16)
ωt
U om
cos   sin  o t   sin  o t
U d0
(4-17) Principle of cosine
–therefore
  cos 1 ( sin  o t ) (4-18)
wave-crossing method

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Output voltage ratio


(Modulation factor)
150 

Uom 
 (0    1) 120

Ud 0 γ
/( º )
90
γ
60 


30 

0   3 2  t
2 2
Output voltage phase angle

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• The configuration with common input line

4.3.2 Three- phase thyristor-cyclo converter

图4-24
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• The configuration with star-connected output

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Typical waveforms

Output voltage
200 t/ms

Input current with

Single-phase output
200 t/ms

Input current with

3-phase output
200 t/ms
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• Input and output characteristics
The maximum output frequency and the harmonics in the output voltage
are the same as in single-phase circuit. Input power factor is a little
higher than single-phase circuit. Harmonics in the input current is a
little lower thanthe single- phase circuit due to the cancellation of some
harmonics among the 3 phases.
To improve the input power factor:
–Use DC bias or 3k order component bias on each of the 3 output
phase voltages
• Features and applications
Features:
–Direct frequency conversion—high efficiency
–Bidirectional energy flow, easy to realize 4- quadrant operation
–Very complicated—too many power semiconductor devices
–Low output frequency
–Low input power factor and bad input current waveform
Applications:
–High power low speed AC motor drive

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 4.4 Matrix converter

• Circuit configuration

input
a b c

u
S1 S1 S1
1 2 3 S ij
v
S2 S2 S2 output
1 2 3
w
S3 S3 S3
1 2 3
a) b)
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• Usable input voltage

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• Features

Direct frequency conversion—high efficiency can realize good input and

output waveforms, low harmonics, and nearly unity displacement
factor
Bidirectional energy flow, easy to realize 4- quadrant operation
Output frequency is not limited by input frequency
No need for bulk capacitor (as compared to indirect frequency converter)
Very complicated—too many power semiconductor devices
Output voltage magnitude is a little lower as compared to indirect
frequency converter.

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