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Describing Data:: Frequency Tables, Frequency Distributions, and Graphic Presentation

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Ayesha Tahir
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23 views

Describing Data:: Frequency Tables, Frequency Distributions, and Graphic Presentation

Uploaded by

Ayesha Tahir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Describing Data:

Frequency Tables, Frequency


Distributions, and Graphic Presentation

Chapter 2 (Lecture # 2)

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2010 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Frequency Table and Frequency
Distribution

 Frequency Table: A grouping of qualitative data into


mutually exclusive classes showing the number of
observations in each class.
 Example: Vehicles sold by type at Whitner Autoplex
last month.
 Class frequency: The number of observations in
each class.

2-2
Relative Class Frequencies

 Class frequencies can be converted to relative class


frequencies to show the fraction of the total number
of observations in each class.
 A relative frequency captures the relationship between
a class total and the total number of observations.

2-3
Constructing Frequency Distribution:
Quantitative Data

Class interval: The class interval is


obtained by subtracting the lower
limit of a class from the lower limit
of the next class.

Class frequency: The number of


observations in each class.

Class midpont: A point that divides a


class into two equal parts. This is
the average of the upper and
lower class limits. For example,
class midpoint for class limit (15
up to 18) is (15+18)/2 = 16.5

2-4
EXAMPLE – Creating a Frequency
Distribution Table

Ms. Kathryn Ball of AutoUSA


wants to develop tables, charts,
and graphs to show the typical
selling price on various dealer
lots. The table on the right
reports only the price of the 80
vehicles sold last month at
Whitner Autoplex.

2-5
Constructing a Frequency Table -
Example

 Step 1: Decide on the number of classes.


A useful recipe to determine the number of classes (k) is
the “2 to the k rule.” such that 2k > n.
There were 80 vehicles sold. So n = 80. If we try k = 6, which
means we would use 6 classes, then 26 = 64, somewhat less
than 80. Hence, 6 is not enough classes. If we let k = 7, then 27
128, which is greater than 80. So the recommended number of
classes is 7.

 Step 2: Determine the class interval or width.


The formula is: i  (H-L)/k
where i is the class interval, H is the highest observed
value, L is the lowest observed value, and k is the number
of classes.
($35,925 - $15,546)/7 = $2,911
Round up to some convenient number, such as a multiple of 10
or 100. Use a class width of $3,000
2-6
Constructing a Frequency Table - Example

 Step 3: Set the individual class limits

 Step 4: Tally the vehicle selling prices


into the classes.

 Step 5: Count the number of items in


each class.

2-7
Relative Frequency Distribution

To convert a frequency distribution to a relative frequency


distribution, each of the class frequencies is divided by the
total number of observations.

2-8
Example

 A manufacturing company produced the


following number of units in the last 16 days
27 27 27 28 27 25 25 28
26 28 26 28 31 30 26 26
a) How many classes would you recommend?
b) What class interval would you suggest?
c) What lower limit would you recommend for the first
class?
d) Organize the information into a frequency distribution and
determine the relative frequency distribution?

2-9

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