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Data and Computer Communications

This document discusses digital data communication techniques, including asynchronous vs synchronous transmission, error detection using techniques like parity and cyclic redundancy checks, error correction using redundancy, and line configuration topics like topology (point-to-point vs multi-point) and duplex (half vs full). Asynchronous transmission uses overhead bits while synchronous requires clock synchronization. Error detection identifies errors while correction deduces the original message. Line configuration determines the physical arrangement and data exchange abilities of connected stations.

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ED Guz
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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18 views

Data and Computer Communications

This document discusses digital data communication techniques, including asynchronous vs synchronous transmission, error detection using techniques like parity and cyclic redundancy checks, error correction using redundancy, and line configuration topics like topology (point-to-point vs multi-point) and duplex (half vs full). Asynchronous transmission uses overhead bits while synchronous requires clock synchronization. Error detection identifies errors while correction deduces the original message. Line configuration determines the physical arrangement and data exchange abilities of connected stations.

Uploaded by

ED Guz
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data and Computer

Communications
Chapter 6 – Digital Data
Communications Techniques

Eighth Edition
by William Stallings

Lecture slides by Lawrie Brown


Digital Data Communications
Techniques
 A conversation forms a two-way communication link;
there is a measure of symmetry between the two
parties, and messages pass to and fro. There is a
continual stimulus-response, cyclic action; remarks
call up other remarks, and the behavior of the two
individuals becomes concerted, co-operative, and
directed toward some goal. This is true
communication.
—On Human Communication, Colin Cherry
Asynchronous and
Synchronous Transmission
 timing problems require a mechanism to
synchronize the transmitter and receiver
 receiver samples stream at bit intervals
 if clocks not aligned and drifting will sample at
wrong time after sufficient bits are sent
 two solutions to synchronizing clocks
 asynchronous transmission
 synchronous transmission
Asynchronous Transmission
Asynchronous - Behavior
 simple
 cheap
 overhead of 2 or 3 bits per char (~20%)
 good for data with large gaps (keyboard)
Synchronous Transmission
 block of data transmitted sent as a frame
 clocks must be synchronized
 can use separate clock line
 or embed clock signal in data
 need to indicate start and end of block
 use preamble and postamble
 more efficient (lower overhead) than async
Types of Error
 an error occurs when a bit is altered between
transmission and reception
 single bit errors
 only one bit altered
 caused by white noise
 burst errors
 contiguous sequence of B bits in which first last and
any number of intermediate bits in error
 caused by impulse noise or by fading in wireless
 effect greater at higher data rates
Error Detection
 will have errors
 detect using error-detecting code
 added by transmitter
 recalculated and checked by receiver
 still chance of undetected error
 parity
 parity bit set so character has even (even
parity) or odd (odd parity) number of ones
 even number of bit errors goes undetected
Error Detection Process
Cyclic Redundancy Check
 one of most common and powerful checks
 for block of k bits transmitter generates an
n bit frame check sequence (FCS)
 transmits k+n bits which is exactly divisible
by some number
 receiver divides frame by that number
 if no remainder, assume no error
 for math, see Stallings chapter 6
Error Correction
 correction of detected errors usually requires
data block to be retransmitted
 not appropriate for wireless applications
 bit error rate is high causing lots of retransmissions
 when propagation delay long (satellite) compared with
frame transmission time, resulting in retransmission of
frame in error plus many subsequent frames
 instead need to correct errors on basis of bits
received
 error correction provides this
Error Correction Process
How Error Correction Works
 adds redundancy to transmitted message
 can deduce original despite some errors
 eg. block error correction code
 map k bit input onto an n bit codeword
 each distinctly different
 if get error assume codeword sent was
closest to that received
 for math, see Stallings chapter 6
 means have reduced effective data rate
Line Configuration - Topology
 physical arrangement of stations on
medium
 point to point - two stations
• such as between two routers / computers
 multi point - multiple stations
• traditionally mainframe computer and terminals
• now typically a local area network (LAN)
Line Configuration - Topology
Line Configuration - Duplex
 classify data exchange as half or full duplex
 half duplex (two-way alternate)
 only one station may transmit at a time
 requires one data path
 full duplex (two-way simultaneous)
 simultaneous transmission and reception between
two stations
 requires two data paths
• separate media or frequencies used for each direction
 or echo canceling
Summary
 asynchronous verses synchronous
transmission
 error detection and correction
 line configuration issues

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